Modeling the compression behavior of remolded clay mixtures

Clay mixture is a waste material in open pit mining from the excavation of various soil layers. In the present study, a general constitutive framework is proposed for the prediction of compressibility of remolded clay mixtures. First, the resulting structure of a clay mixture is simplified as a composite structure, in which the elements of the constituents are randomly distributed in a representative elementary volume. Afterwards, the initial water contents of the constituents are estimated based on a simplified model for the undrained shear strength of the clay mixture. Then, the representative elementary volume of the mixed soil is divided into separate individual parts and the volume fractions of the constituents are formulated as functions of the overall porosity and those of the constituents. Finally, a homogenization law is proposed based on the analysis of the randomly arranged structure together with a simple compression model for clay mixtures. Parameters required by the model correspond only to the constituents, which are simple to calibrate based on standard laboratory tests. By making comparisons of the predictions with test data, it is shown that the proposed model can well represent the compression behavior of the clay mixtures.     

An evaluation of compression algorithms applied to moving object trajectories

ABSTRACT

The amount of spatiotemporal data collected by gadgets is rapidly growing, resulting in increasing costs to transfer, process and store it. In an attempt to minimize these costs several algorithms were proposed to reduce the trajectory size. However, to choose the right algorithm depends on a careful analysis of the application scenario. Therefore, this paper evaluates seven general purpose lossy compression algorithms in terms of structural aspects and performance characteristics, regarding four transportation modes: Bike, Bus, Car and Walk. The lossy compression algorithms evaluated are: Douglas-Peucker (DP), Opening-Window (OW), Dead-Reckoning (DR), Top-Down Time-Ratio (TS), Opening-Window Time-Ratio (OS), STTrace (ST) and SQUISH (SQ). Pareto Efficiency analysis pointed out that there is no best algorithm for all assessed characteristics, but rather DP applied less error and kept length better-preserved, OW kept speed better-preserved, ST kept acceleration better-preserved and DR spent less execution time. Another important finding is that algorithms that use metrics that do not keep time information have performed quite well even with characteristics time-dependent like speed and acceleration. Finally, it is possible to see that DR had the most suitable performance in general, being among the three best algorithms in four of the five assessed performance characteristics.     

数字图象压缩方法在天文上应用的研究及实验

本文研究了数字图象压缩的方法、分类和原理以及该技术在天文领域应用的必要性。针对天文观测的特点和需要，经过分析比较，提出了天文图象压缩的可行性方案。通过应用计算机编程、压缩实验得到相应结果。文中对天文数字图象分别进行了以下压缩方法实验：无失真压缩中的哈夫曼编码和位平面编码；限失真压缩中的离散余弦变换编码及混合编码等。其压缩比分别可达到２—４．５（无失真压缩）和１０—３０（限失真压缩）。图像压缩所需时间随使用的计算机而异。文中详细列出各种压缩方法的实验结果。     

Application of mercury injection capillary pressure to mudrocks: Conformance and compression corrections

Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) is a commonly-used technique for measurements of porosity, pore throat size distribution, and injection pressure vs. mercury saturation for many types of rocks. The latter two are correlated to and can be used to estimate permeability. Problems for MICP application in mudrocks are associated with two types of system errors: conformance and compression effects. These two sources of error are well-recognized, but no standard procedures to correct them exist. In this study, a new method for conformance and compression corrections was developed, and the method applied to five Eagle Ford Shale samples. Conformance correction is based on comparison of mercury injection volume vs. pressure curves between epoxy-coated and uncoated samples. Compression correction is based on calculation of compressions before and after mercury intrusion in MICP experiment. Different types of compressions are quantified and compression corrections on porosity, pore throat size distribution, and injection pressure vs. mercury saturation are performed. Porosity and permeability were calculated based on corrected MICP data. Results show that both conformance and compression corrections are important for accurate MICP porosity calculation, whereas conformance correction is more important than compression correction in permeability calculation.     

岩石力学性质及可钻性分级研究

岩石力学性质和可钻性是分析和评价岩石抵抗破碎和钻进的基本性质，也是合理选择碎岩工具和工艺的基础。因此，对岩石力学性质和可钻性的深入研究，采用能够反映某种碎岩方式实质的综合力学性质指标评定岩石可钻性，应用数理统计学原理，依据岩石力学性质和可钻性指标，建立表示岩石可钻性的数学模型，并以此模型进行岩石可钻性分级，可及满足岩土工程施工生产的急需。     

膨胀土试验中有荷膨胀率取值的初探

初步提出了在进行膨胀试验时，有关有荷膨胀率试验参数的取值，以及特殊情况下膨胀率和某些参数的计算方法，从而反映膨胀土的特性，使设计人员有效的分析膨胀土地基变形。     

Structures associated with inversion of the Donbas Foldbelt (Ukraine and Russia)

The Donbas Foldbelt is part of the Prypiat–Dnieper–Donets intracratonic rift basin (Belarus–Ukraine–southern Russia) that developed in Late Devonian times and was reactivated in Early Carboniferous. To the southeast, the Donbas Foldbelt joins the contiguous, deformed Karpinsky Swell. Basin “inversions” led first to the uplift of the Palaeozoic series (mainly Carboniferous but also syn-rift Devonian strata in the southwesternmost part of the Donbas Foldbelt, which are deeply buried in the other parts of the rift system), and later to the formation of the fold-and-thrust belt. The general structural trend of the Donbas Foldbelt, formed mainly during rifting, is WNW–ESE. This is the strike of the main rift-related fault zones and also of the close to tight “Main Anticline” of the Donbas Foldbelt that developed along the previous rift axis. The Main Anticline is structurally unique in the Donbas Foldbelt and its formation was initiated in Permian times, during a period of (trans) tensional reactivation, during which active salt movements occurred. A relief inversion of the basin also took place at this time with a pronounced uplift of the southern margin of the basin and the adjacent Ukrainian Shield. Subsequently, Cimmerian and Alpine phases of tectonic inversion of the Donbas Foldbelt led to the development of flat and shallow thrusts commonly associated with folds into the basin. A fan-shaped deformation pattern is recognised in the field, with south-to southeast-vergent compressive structures, south of the Main Anticline, and north- to northwest-vergent ones, north of it. These compressive structures are clearly superimposed onto the WNW–ESE structural grain of the initial rift basin. Shortening structures that characterise the tectonic inversion of the basin are (regionally) orientated NW–SE and N–S. Because of the obliquity of the compressive trends relative to the WNW–ESE strike of inherited structures (major preexisting normal faults and the Main Anticline), in addition to reverse displacements, right lateral movements occurred along the main boundary fault zones and along the faulted hinge of the Main Anticline. The existence of preexisting structures is also thought to be responsible for local deviations in contractional trends (that are E–W in the southwesternmost part of the basin).     

Fault-induced perturbed stress fields and associated tensile and compressive deformation at fault tips in the ice shell of Europa: implications for fault mechanics

Secondary fractures at the tips of strike-slip faults are common in the ice shell of Europa. Large magnitude perturbed stress fields must therefore be considered to be a viable driving mechanism for the development of part of the fracture sequence. Fault motions produce extensional and compressional quadrants around the fault tips. Theoretically, these quadrants can be associated with tensile and compressive deformational features (i.e. cracks and anti-cracks), respectively. Accordingly, we describe examples of both types of deformation at fault tips on Europa in the form of extensional tailcracks and compressional anti-cracks. The characteristics of these features with respect to the plane of the fault create a fingerprint for the mechanics of fault slip accumulation when compared with linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) models of perturbed stress fields around fault tips. Tailcrack kink angles and curving geometry can be used to determine whether opening accompanies sliding motion. Kink angles in the 50–70° range are common along strike-slip faults that resemble ridges, and indicate that little to no opening accompanied sliding. In contrast, tailcrack kink angles are closer to 30° for strike-slip faults that resemble bands, with tailcrack curvatures opposite to ridge-like fault examples, indicating that these faults undergo significant dilation and infill during fault slip episodes. Anti-cracks, which may result from compression and volume reduction of porous near-surface ice, have geometries that further constrain fault motion history, corroborating the results of tailcrack analysis. The angular separation between anti-cracks and tailcracks are similar to LEFM predictions, indicating the absence of cohesive end-zones near the tips of Europan faults, hence suggesting homogeneous frictional properties along the fault length. Tailcrack analysis can be applied to the interpretation of cycloidal ridges: chains of arcuate cracks on Europa that are separated by sharp kinks called cusps. Cusp angles are reminiscent of tailcrack kink angles along ridge-like strike-slip faults. Cycloid growth in a temporally variable tidal stress field ultimately resolves shear stresses onto the near-tip region of a growing cycloid segment. Thus, resultant slip and associated tailcrack development may be the driving force behind the initiation of the succeeding arcuate segment, hence facilitating the ongoing propagation of the cycloid chain.     

青藏高原新生代地壳变形对同碰撞岩浆侵位的制约

同碰撞岩浆作用是青藏高原新生代构造-岩浆活动的一种重要形式，各种类型岩浆岩广泛分布于高原内不同的构造单元中，其中有的来自地幔，不过规模都不大，它们是如何穿过异常厚的地壳侵位到近地表或喷出地表，这还是个未解之谜。根据构造分析，这些岩浆岩均侵位于新生代向斜构造中，例如侵入于高原东南边缘的楚雄复向斜、兰坪．思茅复向斜和老君山向斜的碱性岩，侵入于高原南缘的北喜马拉雅拉轨岗日向斜的片麻状花岗岩以及喷出于高原北部巴颜喀拉和雁石坪复向斜的安山-玄武岩。文中通过一个力学模式，说明这些岩浆岩的侵位受控于地壳应力场特征，即：向斜构造的下部承受的是张应力，地壳发生减薄和张裂，下地壳或上地幔熔融物质以此为通道发生向上的侵位。不过，因向斜顶部地壳承受的是挤压应力，地壳发生挤压缩短，所以只有少量岩浆能侵位到近地表并发生变形。与此相反，背斜构造的下部地壳产生的是挤压应力，阻止了下伏地壳内岩浆的侵入。因此，岩浆的侵位一般不会沿背斜发生。这一力学机制解释了为什么青藏高原规模很小的同碰撞岩浆能穿过异常厚的地壳沿一系列向斜构造侵位到近地表或喷出地表的原因。