Delivery of upper-basin sediment to the lower neuse river,North Carolina,U.S.A.

Extensive storage of upper-basin Piedmont sediment and apparent low sediment supply to streams in lower-basin Coastal Plain areas generates questions as to the source of alluvium in lower reaches of rivers of the U.S. Atlantic drainage. This was investigated on the Neuse River, North Carolina, using a mineralogical indicator of sediment source areas. The utility of mica flakes for discriminating between Piedmont and non-Piedmont sources of sediment in the lower Coastal Plain reaches of the Neuse was established on the basis of an examination of the U.S. National Soils Database and of 26 soil surveys of the North Carolina Coastal Plain. From the Neuse River estuary to 48 km upstream there are no mica flakes in floodplain soils or in river bank and channel shelf sediments. Mica flakes become more common upstream. This suggests that a very small proportion of the sediment eroded in the Piedmont portion of the watershed is delivered to the river mouth. The small amounts which presumably do reach the lower Coastal Plain are so diluted by Coastal Plain-derived alluvium that no Piedmont origin can be discerned. This demonstrates a dominantly Coastal Plain source and underscores the importance of storage and discontinuous transport in fluvial sediment systems. More importantly, results suggest that upper- and lower-basin sediment dynamics are not only non-linearly related, but may be virtually decoupled.     

Impact assessment using DEA of coastal hazards on social-economy in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asian countries suffer from severe coastal hazards each year. A large number of these countries are incurring consequential costs that impact their national economies. It is crucial, therefore, to analyze the impact of such hazards on their economic development and provide a solid basis for future development strategies. The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between the economic development and the losses from coastal disasters, and to identify both the impact of hazards on the development, as well as the function of such development on the resilience to hazards. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is employed to build the assessment models. Data from 1995 to 2005 from eight Southeast countries are analyzed using the DEA models. A set of “resilience index” of these countries are concluded from the results. It is found that the economic development does not contribute to the strengthening of national resilience to coastal hazards. Inappropriate development could even impair the resilience. Additionally, the resilience to coastal hazards is impacted by various factors such as the allocation of resources and external assistance. From the analysis, a clear image is gained of the interaction between economic development and coastal hazards, which provides a basis for future development strategies.

Sea Levels and Coastal Inundation Due to Tropical Cyclones in Indian Coastal Regions of Andhra and Orissa

Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding.     

基于GF-1号的舟山近岸悬浮泥沙浓度反演研究

文章利用舟山近岸实测光谱数据和国产卫星GF-1号宽视场成像仪(WFV)遥感数据,反演该海域悬浮泥沙浓度。结果表明:(1)线性模型和二次模型相比,二次模型的精确度略高于线性模型,但对于悬沙低浓度区,反演误差过大,故线性模型更适用于舟山近岸水体悬浮泥沙浓度反演;(2)GF-1号B2和B3是悬沙浓度变化的敏感波段,B3/B2波段组合的线性模型反演效果较好;(3)GF-1号遥感数据能够较理想地实现定量反演近岸水体的悬浮物。     

基于景观格局变化的海岸带生态风险评价——以辽宁省瓦房店市为例

文章利用RS和GIS技术手段对辽宁省瓦房店市1990—2015年的变迁过程进行监测,得出各历史时期的土地利用变化信息。将各类土地利用信息与景观生态学相结合,利用景观格局破碎度、景观分离度、景观优势度作为指标构建景观损失指数,并利用景观组分的面积比重构建海岸带生态风险指数。基于ArcGIS和Fragstats软件平台,通过空间采样和插值方法得到区域生态风险的空间分布,据此重构了瓦房店市1990—2015年的生态风险值变化过程。监测表明,1990—2015年期间,耕地、林地和滩涂呈减少趋势,水域和建设用地逐年增加,其他类型变化幅度不大。虽然耕地所占总面积比例由45.37%减少至37.23%,但一直是瓦房店最主要的景观。25年间瓦房店生态安全总体呈下降态势,1990—2015年6时段的生态风险年平均值分别为0.211 9、0.200 3、0.203 2、0.194 9、0.209 7和0.209 1。在时间维度,1990—2005年和2010—2015年生态安全度下降明显;在空间维度,瓦房店市海岸带的李官镇-三台满族乡和谢屯镇-炮台镇的生态风险度高,西杨乡、东岗镇和驼山乡生态风险由极高降为高或中,生态安全度有所提高。研究表明,人口和社会经济发展是影响瓦房店市景观格局变化的主要因素,该区域未来海岸带要实现可持续开发必须要进行科学的规划。     

互花米草对福建泉州湾海岸湿地沉积环境影响

泉州湾淤泥质海岸湿地分布广泛,互花米草分布面积较大.利用小型电磁式流速仪进行流速观测,结果显示,水流由光滩湿地进入互花米草湿地后速度迅速减小,但随着互花米草带宽度地增加,减小程度逐渐变小且不显著.利用PVC管采集短柱状样并现场以一定间隔分样,进行粒度分析、TOC和TN分析及重金属分析结果显示,光滩湿地沉积物颗粒较粗,互花米草湿地边缘沉积物颗粒粗细均有且分选较差,密集互花米草湿地内沉积物粒径较细且分选较好,红树林湿地内沉积物颗粒最细且分选最好;稀疏互花米草湿地作为盐沼发育演化的青年阶段,对C、N具有很强的富集能力,红树林则对C、N的富集能力最弱,人类的排污活动增加了海岸湿地沉积物中的TOC含量;互花米草的存在拦截和吸附了陆源污染物,并使重金属富集在互花米草湿地沉积物中.     

Trace metals in the Western Pacific: temporal and spatial variability in the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn and Ni

Profiles of total dissolvable Cd, Cu, Mn and Ni are reported for samples collected from the southwest Pacific in 1989, from the western equatorial Pacific along 155°E at 5°S, 0° and 5°N in 1990 and 1993, and along the equator from 143°E to 152°E and in the Bismarck Sea in 1997 and 2000. Profiles of Cd along 155°E in 1990 and along the equator were essentially the same but, in 1993, Cd values at 5°N were higher by a factor of about 1.5–2 than at 5°S over the depth range 500–1500 m. Similar, but less pronounced, differences were observed for PO₄ and Ni. Cd and Ni were both strongly correlated with PO₄, and an even stronger correlation was found between Ni and Cd. The concentration of Ni did not fall below ≈2 nmolkg⁻¹, even in the nitrate-depleted waters of the western equatorial Pacific, where primary production is strongly dependent on recycled nitrogen (mainly ammonia and urea). It is proposed that this residual Ni is not bioavailable and that Ni could be biolimiting, since the metabolism of urea requires the nickel-containing enzyme urease. The impact of the Sepik River on Cd, Cu and Ni concentrations was small but elevated concentrations of Mn were observed near the Sepik River and close to the coast suggesting that the rivers and sediments on the north coast of New Guinea are a significant local source of Mn to the Bismarck Sea. Simple mass balance calculations show that the elevated levels of Mn observed in the Equatorial Undercurrent cannot be due to input from the rivers of New Guinea and they were attributed to the trapping of particulate matter due to strong current shear. A strong hydrothermal source of Mn was observed in the central Bismarck Sea.     

The formation and evolution of the barrier islands of Inhaca and Bazaruto, Mozambique

The barrier islands of Inhaca and Bazaruto are related to the extensive coastal dune system of the Mozambican coastal plain, south-east Africa. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of key stratigraphic units indicates that accretion of sediment within these systems is episodic. Both islands appear to have been initiated as spits extending from structural offsets in the coastline. Superposition of significant quantities of sediment upon these spits during subsequent sea-level highstands formed the core of the islands, which were anchored and protected by beachrock and aeolianite formation. At least two distinct dune-building phases occurred during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, tentatively attributed to marine transgressions during sub-stages 5e and 5c. Although some localized reactivation of dune surfaces occurred prior to the Holocene, large quantities of sediment were not deposited on either island during the low sea-levels associated with MIS 2. Significant dune-building and sediment reworking occurred immediately prior to and during the Holocene, though it is not clear whether these processes were continuous or episodic. Significant erosion of the eastern shoreline of Bazaruto suggests that it is far less stable than Inhaca and may suffer further large-scale erosion. A model is presented for the formation of barrier islands along the Mozambican coastal plain.     

黄河流域湿地景观时空演变格局分析

湿地景观的时空演变及其驱动因素研究是湿地生态恢复与保护的重要参考,本文利用1980—2015年7期黄河流域土地利用数据构建黄河流域湿地矢量数据集,基于景观格局指数对黄河流域湿地的时空演变特征进行定量和定性分析;采用转移矩阵对每两个时期湿地资源的转移类型和数量进行计算与分析。研究结果表明,①1980—2015年,黄河流域湿地率为3.5%,其中自然湿地率约为2.0%,即黄河流域的湿地类型以自然湿地为主。②斑块面积结果显示,黄河流域湿地总面积减少了312.74km²,表现为人工湿地增加,自然湿地减少;自然湿地中沼泽湿地呈增加状态,主要是在2005—2010年增加了979.22km²,滩地呈减少状态,减少了1218.19km²,主要发生在1990—1995年和2005—2010年。斑块密度结果显示,随着河渠和滩地受人为活动影响程度的加大,两者的斑块破碎化程度逐渐加大。最大斑块指数结果显示,水田是黄河流域的主导湿地类型,沼泽和湖泊是自然湿地中的主导湿地类型。③黄河流域湿地类型与非湿地之间转换是黄河流域景观转换的主要组成部分,其中沼泽与滩地是面积发生变化的主要湿地类型。     

中国区域滨海湿地固碳能力研究现状与提升

对我国滨海湿地的固碳能力进行了评估,同时,对其固碳能力的遥感监测和评估方法进行了总结和分析,最后提出了滨海湿地固碳能力的提升技术。全球看来,我国滨海湿地的固碳能力总体上不高。国内看来,在北方泥炭地和植被覆盖率高,生长茂盛的区域,尤其是有红树林生长的区域固碳能力相对较高。滨海湿地主要分布在潮间带,人为监测困难,卫星遥感的出现为滨海湿地的监测带来很大方便,遥感监测已成为评估湿地固碳能力的一种高时效方法。滨海湿地固碳蕴藏着巨大潜力,提升滨海湿地的固碳能力可以大大降低全球CO2含量,对于改善全球温室效应有不可替代的作用。