地震断层形态研究综述

随着我国工程建设事业的不断发展,一大批土木工程基础设施正不断向地下深部、深海和中西部地区延伸转移,如地铁工程、跨海跨湾工程铁路和铁路工程(如川藏铁路)等都具有里程长、规模大的显著特点,在我国特殊的地震地质构造背景下,会不可避免地遇到地表或地下深部地震断层的作用。断层的作用方式与断层破裂的形态关系密切,研究不同场地的地表断层形态对工程结构抗断层错断设计有重要意义。本文归纳了不同场地条件下地震地表断层的形态和断层的空间展布特征,总结了地震断层形态的研究现状,分析了影响地震断层形态的因素,探讨了当前研究工作的不足与今后的研究方向,以期能为相关研究工作提供参考。     

Measurements and estimation of flow velocity in mobile bed rills

Rills are primary sediment sources and hillslope water/sediment runoff transport channels. Water flow velocities in rills are easily affected by bed condition over eroding and non-eroding slopes, which is an important hydrodynamic process in soil erosion research. This research is done to demonstrate the poorly understood “feedback mechanism” related to slope independence of flow velocity to slope gradient. A series of experiments were done on silt loam soil slopes to measure water flow velocity...     

Mound development as an interaction of individual plants with soil,water erosion and sedimentation processes on slopes

In the Mediterranean region, semi‐natural shrubland communities (named ‘matorral’) often present a discontinuous cover, where isolated perennial plants alternate with bare inter‐plant areas. In such ecosystems, the patchy distribution of the vegetation is usually associated with microtopographic sequences of mounds that develop under isolated plants and break the overall slope continuity. In this study, the influence of three representative species of the Mediterranean matorral (Rosmarinus officinalis, Stipa tenacissima and Anthyllis cytisoides) on slope microtopography is determined and the processes that take part in the development of microtopographic structures beneath the plant canopy are identified. The influence of slope gradient, plant species and plant parameters on the shape and height of microtopographic structures is also studied. The shape of the microtopographic structures is described by using a two‐dimensional microprofilemeter and mound height is determined by measuring in the field a ‘mound height index’ defined as the distance from the top to the bottom of the mound. The results obtained show that plant species play a major role in the shape and height of the microtopographic structures. Whereas terrace‐type structures generally develop under Anthyllis shrubs, microtopographic forms associated with Rosmarinus and Stipa plants vary with slope gradient. The almost symmetric mound‐type structures that develop under these two species on gentle slopes change into terrace‐type structures as slope gradient increases. Moreover, statistically significant differences exist between the three species with regard to mound height. Mean values of mound height are 19·4, 14·6 and 4·3 cm under the canopy of Stipa, Rosmarinus and Anthyllis respectively. Plant parameters, essentially roughness, and slope gradient have a significant influence on mound height index. Four main processes were identified as affecting mound development in the studied field site: sedimentation, differential interrill erosion, differential splash erosion and bioturbation. Plant species interact in different ways with these processes according to their morphologies. Since Stipa and Rosmarinus plants are more efficient than Anthyllis shrubs in controlling water erosion, in retaining sediments and in modifying soil properties under their respective canopies, they give rise to higher microtopographic structures that facilitate water and nutrient storage by plants on slopes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

Exploring landscape and geologic controls on spatial patterning of streambank groundwater discharge in a mixed land use watershed

Preferential groundwater discharge features along stream corridors are ecologically important at local and stream network scales, yet we lack quantification of the multiscale controls on the spatial patterning of groundwater discharge. Here we identify physical attributes that best explain variation in the presence and lateral extent of preferential groundwater discharges along two 5th order streams, the Housatonic and Farmington Rivers, and 32 1st to 4th order reaches across the Farmington River network. We mapped locations of preferential groundwater discharge exposed along streambanks using handheld thermal infrared cameras paired with high-resolution topographic and land use land cover datasets, surficial soil characteristic maps, and depth-to-bedrock geophysical measurements. The unconfined Housatonic River, MA, USA (12 km) had fewer discharge locations and less lateral extent (41 discharge locations with 38 m of active discharge/km of river) compared to the partially confined Farmington River, CT, USA (26 km; 169 discharge locations with 129 m of active discharge/km of river). Using a moving window analysis, we found along both rivers that discharge was more likely to occur where bank slopes were steeper, floodplain extent was narrower, and degree of confinement was higher. Along the Farmington River, groundwater discharge was more likely to occur where saturated hydraulic conductivity was higher and depth-to-bedrock was shallower. Among the 32 stream reaches surveyed (33.2 km of total stream length) within the Farmington River watershed, preferential discharge was observed in all but two stream reaches, varied from 0 to 25% of lateral extent along stream banks (mean = 6%), and was more likely to occur where stream reach slopes were steep, saturated hydraulic conductivity was high, and watershed urbanization was low. Our results show that, though both surface (e.g., topographic, land use land cover) and subsurface (e.g., soil characteristics, bedrock depth) factors control the prevalence of streambank preferential groundwater discharge, the dominant controls vary across valley settings and stream sizes.     

地理信息系统在渤海湾水体富营养化研究中的应用

一般的关系型数据库处理近岸海域富营养化监测数据时难以同时管理数据的空间属性和一般属性,且不具有对数据进行空间分析的能力。文中以A rcG IS地理信息系统为数据管理平台,克服了一般数据库的上述缺陷。文章以渤海湾水体富营养化研究为实例,应用A rcG IS地理信息系统自身的功能对监测数据进行了空间分布特性和时间变化趋势分析及水体营养状况的评价,取得了较满意的结果。     

粤东滨海断裂带第四纪活动特征研究

我国东南沿海滨海断裂带是1条活动强烈的地震构造带,位于珠江口盆地北缘的粤东滨海断裂带是其重要组成部分,确定该断裂带的几何展布位置与最新活动特征对科学评价华南沿海地区地震危险性、地震构造和地球动力学具有重要科学意义.通过综合分析近年来南海东北部海域地质地貌、地震反射剖面、深部探测、地震活动等方面的研究成果,总结了粤东滨海...     

红树林植株形态及种植密度对消波能力影响的数值模拟研究

本研究利用非结构网格有限体积海洋模型FVCOM(Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model)、MDO(Mellor-Donelan-Oey)波浪模型以及可分层的植被波耗散参数化方案,通过对比有无红树林工况评估红树林的波浪衰减能力,研究了不同形态的红树林在高水位与低水位情况下的消波能力,分析了植株密度对红树林消波能力的影响。结果表明,红树林的消波系数与林带宽度呈非线性正相关,与水深的关系则与红树结构有关。以白骨壤(Avicennia marina)为代表的A型植株形态在低水位下的消波系数极大值为67.9%,高水位下则能够达到94.4%;以红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)为代表的B型植株形态的消波系数在低水位和高水位的极大值分别为90.6%、89.4%;以角果木(Ceriops tagal)为代表的C型植株形态的消波能力在高低水位区别不大。植株密度的增加能提高红树林消波系数上限,还能使得红树林消波系数对林带宽度的变化更为敏感,减小达到消波系数极大值所需要的林带宽度。在保护现有的红树林生态系统或建立新的红树林综合减灾防护系统时,应注意不同植株结构红树林的...     

Two populations of open clusters

The paper proposes a division of the local open clusters into two different disklike subpopulations on the base of the metallicity enhancement history, spatial distribution in the Galaxy and morphology of their C-M diagrams. The thin disk population objects exhibit higher metallicities and are more closely concentrated to the center and the disk of the Galaxy than the thick disk clusters. The former contain also frequently blue stragglers while the later exhibit the presence of Clump giant members, typical for the thick disk globular clusters. Kinematical properties of the two considered open cluster subpopulations remain unknown due to the lack of observational data.     

河北省沿海湿地生物多样性及保护对策

文章介绍了河北省沿海湿地及动植物概况,分析了造成河北省沿海湿地衰退的主要原因,并提出了保护对策。     

不同气候区灌丛沙堆形态及土壤养分积累特征

灌丛沙堆是干旱、半干旱区绿洲边缘常见景观类型,在绿洲风沙防护及生物多样性保护方面有重要意义.本文对中国西北干旱区不同气候区常见的柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)和柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)灌丛沙堆形态和养分积累特征进行了对比研究...