Effects of metal pollution and macronutrient enrichment on the photoproduction of hydroxyl radicals in seawater by the alga Dunaliella salina

The marine microalga Dunaliella salina was used as a model organism in this study. Hydroxyl radicals (OH) were determined using HPLC with sodium benzoate as a probe, and the photochemical activity of marine alga in the formation of OH was confirmed for the first time. Coastal organisms are often exposed to both metal pollution and macronutrient enrichment, and so the effects of algal concentration, exposure time, macronutrient (nitrate and phosphate) additions and metal pollution (5.0 μg/L Pb(II) and 0.1 μg/L methylmercury) on the photoproduction of OH were examined. Photoproduction was increased with increasing algal concentration and with exposure time. It could be increased greatly, with or without the presence of D. salina, by the addition of Pb(II), or Pb(II) and methylmercury, but was decreased by the addition of methylmercury only. Photoproduction of OH was positively correlated with the amount of basic functional groups on the cell's surface and also with the chlorophyll a content per cell. The influence of macronutrient additions on the photoproduction of OH resulted from the photolysis of nitrate and their effects on the photochemical activity of D. salina.     

Cadmium and phosphate in coastal Antarctic seawater: Implications for Southern Ocean nutrient cycling

Cadmium is a biologically important trace metal that co-varies with phosphate (PO₄³⁻ or Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate, DIP) in seawater. However, the exact nature of Cd uptake mechanisms and the relationship with phosphate and other nutrients in global oceans remain elusive. Here, we present a time series study of Cd and PO₄³⁻ from coastal Antarctic seawater, showing that Cd co-varies with macronutrients during times of high biological activity even under nutrient and trace metal replete conditions. Our data imply that Cd/PO₄³⁻ in coastal surface Antarctic seawater is higher than open ocean areas. Furthermore, the sinking of some proportion of this high Cd/PO₄³⁻ water into Antarctic Bottom Water, followed by mixing into Circumpolar Deep Water, impacts Southern Ocean preformed nutrient and trace metal composition. A simple model of endmember water mass mixing with a particle fractionation of Cd/P (α_Cd–P) determined by the local environment can be used to account for the Cd/PO₄³⁻ relationship in different parts of the ocean. The high Cd/PO₄³⁻ of the coastal water is a consequence of two factors: the high input from terrestrial and continental shelf sediments and changes in biological fractionation with respect to P during uptake of Cd in regions of high Fe and Zn. This implies that the Cd/PO₄³⁻ ratio of the Southern Ocean will vary on glacial–interglacial timescales as the proportion of deep water originating on the continental shelves of the Weddell Sea is reduced during glaciations because the ice shelf is pinned at the edge of the continental shelf. There could also be variations in biological fractionation of Cd/P in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean on these timescales as a result of changes in atmospheric inputs of trace metals. Further variations in the relationship between Cd and PO₄³⁻ in seawater arise from changes in population structure and community requirements for macro- and micronutrients.     

Comparing management of recreational Pagrus fisheries in Shark Bay (Australia) and Sagami Bay (Japan): Conventional catch controls versus stock enhancement

This paper compares the management of recreational fisheries for pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) in the inner gulfs of Shark Bay (Australia) and the closely related red sea bream (Pagrus major) in Sagami Bay (Japan). Fishing and other factors have resulted in population declines of these species in both regions. In response, fishery managers have employed contrasting management, more conventional catch controls in Shark Bay and stock enhancement in Sagami Bay. Although recreational harvest levels were higher than commercial levels in both fisheries, the driving mechanisms are comparatively different due to historical, social, economic and political issues in the respective locations.     

Measurement of wave-by-wave bed-levels in the swash zone

A technique is described to observe and quantify wave-by-wave bed-level changes in the swash zone. The ultrasonic instrument system is non-contact with the beach face surface being measured and the sensors remain outside of the fluid flows causing sediment movement. Sensor resolution combined with the electronic noise inherent within a digital network data-logging system results in a (conservative) measurement accuracy of ± 1 mm, equating to a couple of sand grain diameters in height. Illustrative field results demonstrate the practical use of the instrumentation, and a simple data pre-processing method to separate swashes and intervening bed-level ‘events’ is discussed. These example data reveal rather complex fluctuations of the bed observed over time periods of minutes to hours. Rather strikingly, gross bed-level changes per wave are revealed to be up to many orders of magnitude larger than the observed net rate of beach face evolution. It is outlined how observations of successive bed-level changes at multiple locations within a dense grid, combined with a consideration of sediment continuity, will now enable the total net sediment transported per uprush–backwash to be quantified.     

基于GDELT新闻数据的冲突强度定量表达及冲突事件检测研究

全球范围内各种冲突经常发生,及时分析各种冲突关系并监测其变化,提前干预、实施人道主义救援,可以有效避免冲突的爆发与升级。冲突事件通常被各种新闻媒体及时报道,并被记录于新闻数据库中。提取新闻数据中的冲突事件信息并量化冲突强度,从而分析国家冲突强度的变化是一种可行思路。GDELT实时监测着不同来源的新闻,自动提取新闻中的事件与事件属性信息,并将事件总体划分为冲突与合作2种类型。本文以GDELT为数据源,综合考虑事件数量、事件影响性、事件关注度多个因素,针对不同空间研究尺度提出了一种利用全球冲突指数与局部冲突指数对冲突强度定量表达的方法。在全球尺度上,计算全球各国全球冲突指数衡量国家冲突强度,分析全球国家冲突强度空间分布规律。在国家尺度上,计算局部冲突指数衡量一个国家的冲突强度变化情况,并在冲突强度定量表达的基础上,研究一种基于距离的时间序列冲突检测方法检测冲突事件的发生。研究发现：① 冲突强度高的国家主要集中在非洲和中东地区,全球冲突强度在空间上存在明显的集聚现象;② 国家局部冲突指数的突增通常对应于一些冲突事件的发生,使用本文的冲突检测方法可以有效地及时检测这种突增现象,并能为冲突预警提供支持。本文的研究成果可以为国际冲突关系分析,以及国际救援组织的决策提供参考。     

《中国沿海航行里程表》编制的新方法

重点介绍《中国沿海航行里程表》的编制思路、编制过程,通过引入关键点,探讨了港间里程优化统计的新途径,提出了一套编制《中国沿海航行里程表》新的方法。     

中国沿海部分海域麻痹性贝毒研究

采用美国分析化学家协会推荐的小白鼠生物检测法,对产于大连、深圳、广西北海和福建厦门海域的贝类进行麻痹性贝毒检测,选取部分有毒样品进行高效液相色谱毒素成分分析。小白鼠生物检测法检测结果表明,样品消化腺毒素含量为0—25.3MU/g,剔除消化腺的其他贝类软组织均没有检测到PSP的存在。消化腺和其他软组织的毒力加权平均值为0—2.6MU/g,低于联合国粮农组织制定的贝类安全食用标准的限定值4MU/g。大连海域染毒样品的检出率为50%,在四个海域中最高,福建海域检出率则最低。高效液相色谱毒素成分分析结果表明,深圳和广西北海海域贝类所含PSP成分相似,包含有C毒素(C1/2),GTX毒素(GTX1—4)和STX,而大连海域贝类含有的毒素组分与前两者有较大差异,且随贝类采集的不同时期而变化。     

中国近海热带气旋强度突变的热力特征

应用2000 2006年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过合成分析和对比分析,利用全型垂直涡度倾向方程,研究中国近海热带气旋强度突变的热力特征.结果表明:(1)突然增强热带气旋在其中心附近对流层高低层均存在视热源Q1的极大值中心,低层Q1在突然增强过程中越来越强;而突然减弱热带气旋在中心附近对流层中层存在Q1的极大值中心,而且在突然减弱过程中Q1越来越弱.视水汽汇Q2的极值中心在热带气旋强度变化过程中位于对流层中层,在突然增强过程中有所增大,而在突然减弱过程中有所减小.(2)Q1的峰值高度在热带气旋突然增强和突然减弱过程中分别位于对流层高层和中层.Q2的峰值高度在热带气旋突然增强过程中不断抬升,而在突然减弱过程中不断降低,这说明积云对流的垂直输送在热带气旋突然增强过程中起到一定作用.(3)热带气旋中心附近对流层中上层非绝热加热随着高度增加、对流层低层垂直非均匀加热的增大有利于热带气旋的突然增强,反之导致热带气旋突然减弱.     

Beirut and the creation of the rent gap

This article investigates how rent gaps are created in Beirut, Lebanon, and makes a two-fold argument. First, it argues that rent gaps are created by state-legitimized power and agents of capital through the legal framework, and that the role of location in determining differences between potential ground rents, so salient in Beirut, demonstrates the complementarity of neoclassical land rent theory and rent gap theory. Second, it argues that beyond the legal framework, rent gaps in Beirut are formed through informal, illegal and exceptionalist practices as well as civil, sectarian conflict and forced displacement. This extends the range of forces to consider when thinking about what creates and shapes rent gaps. The paper emphasizes the necessity of a critical perspective on the ways in which value in urban space is created in the interests of the state and agents of capital, while attuning rent gap theory to a more global perspective.