DMC技术在土地利用现状调查中的应用与研究

本项目研究的是将Z／I Imaging的数字航摄相机（DMC）运用于土地详查项目，运用基于国际上先进Z／I Imaging DMC的拍摄技术获取的影像，结合影像融合技术，影像分类技术，土地信息提取技术，进行土地利用的动态监测及更新调查。     

Integrating stream gage data and Landsat imagery to complete time-series of surface water extents in Central Valley,California

Accurate monitoring of surface water location and extent is critical for the management of diverse water resource phenomena. The multi-decadal archive of Landsat satellite imagery is punctuated by missing data due to cloud cover during acquisition times, hindering the assembly of a continuous time series of inundation dynamics. This study investigated whether streamflow volume measurements could be integrated with satellite data to fill gaps in monthly surface water chronologies for the Central Valley region of California, USA, from 1984 to 2015. We aggregated measurements of maximum monthly water extent within each of the study area’s 50 8-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) watersheds from two Landsat-derived datasets: the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) Monthly Water History and the U.S. Geological Survey Dynamic Surface Water Extent (DSWE). We calculated Spearman rank correlation coefficients between water extent values in each HUC and streamflow discharge data. Linear regression fits of the water extent/streamflow data pairs with the highest correlations served as the basis for interpolation of missing imagery surface water values on a HUC-wise basis. Results show strong (ρ > 0.7) maximum correlations in 11 (22.4%) and 25 (51.0%) HUCs for the DSWE and JRC time series, respectively, when comparisons were restricted to imagery and gages co-located in each HUC. Strong maximum correlations occurred in 39 (79.6%; DSWE) and 42 (85.7%; JRC) HUCs when imagery was paired with discharge data from any study area gage, providing a solid basis for reconstruction of water extent values. We generated continuous time series of 30+ years in 35 HUCs, demonstrating that this technique can provide quantitative estimates of historical surface water extents and elucidate flooding or drought events over the period of data collection. Results of a non-parametric trend analysis of the long-term time series on an annual, seasonal, and monthly basis varied among HUCs, though most trends indicate an increase in surface water over the past 30 years.     

GDAL多源空间数据访问中间件

空间数据多存储格式的特点给数据共享和互操作带来困难,往往成为数据动态集成应用中的瓶颈。实际应用中迫切需要一个能够随时、动态,并可与应用程序紧密集成的转换工具。本文提出采用中间件形式设计上述工具,并基于GDAL库实现了该工具,完成了多源空间数据访问功能,改善了应用系统的动态集成性能,并通过应用验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

基于遥感的区域景观特征及其动态变化研究——以重庆市北部新区为例

在RS和GIS技术的支持下，以1997年、2000年和2002年TM图像为数据源，利用平均斑块面积、分维数、块斑伸长指数、景观多样 性指数、蔓延度和破碎度指数等景观特征指标，从多个层面对重庆市北部新区区域景观特征及其动态变化进行了研究。结果表明，在5 a时间内，区域景观特征发生了很大变化，已经从城乡过渡带景观演变为快速城市化的城市景观。主要表现为各类城市建设用地不断扩 大，呈现出空间集中化的特点，耕地和绿地在区域发展过程当中扮演着用地来源的角色，逐步被蚕食、分割，区域生态环境遭到破坏。     

Historical forest biomass dynamics modelled with Landsat spectral trajectories

Estimation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is informative of the role of forest ecosystems in local and global carbon budgets. There is a need to retrospectively estimate biomass in order to establish a historical baseline and enable reporting of change. In this research, we used temporal spectral trajectories to inform on forest successional development status in support of modelling and mapping of historic AGB for Mediterranean pines in central Spain. AGB generated with ground plot data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory (NFI), representing two collection periods (1990 and 2000), are linked with static and dynamic spectral data as captured by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensors over a 25 year period (1984–2009). The importance of forest structural complexity on the relationship between AGB and spectral vegetation indices is revealed by the analysis of wavelet transforms. Two-dimensional (2D) wavelet transforms support the identification of spectral trajectory patterns of forest stands that in turn, are associated with traits of individual NFI plots, using a flexible algorithm sensitive to capturing time series similarity. Single-date spectral indices, temporal trajectories, and temporal derivatives associated with succession are used as input variables to non-parametric decision trees for modelling, estimation, and mapping of AGB and carbon sinks over the entire study area. Results indicate that patterns of change found in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values are associated and relate well to classes of forest AGB. The Tasseled Cap Angle (TCA) index was found to be strongly related with forest density, although the related patterns of change had little relation with variability in historic AGB. By scaling biomass models through small (∼2.5 ha) spatial objects defined by spectral homogeneity, the AGB dynamics in the period 1990–2000 are mapped (70% accuracy when validated with plot values of change), revealing an increase of 18% in AGB irregularly distributed over 814 km² of pines. The accumulation of C calculated in AGB was on average 0.65 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, equivalent to a fixation of 2.38 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ of carbon dioxide.     

基于TMI产品资料对数值模式水凝物模拟能力的检验分析

本文利用热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)搭载微波成像仪(TRMM Microwave Imager,TMI)的探测及反演结果,结合微波辐射传输模式,就2004年17号台风暹芭(Chaba)过程,对AREM(Advanced Regional Eta-coo...     

Integrating knowledge to assess coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise: The development of the DIVA tool

This paper describes the development of the DIVA tool, a user-friendly tool for assessing coastal vulnerability from subnational to global levels. The development involved the two major challenges of integrating knowledge in the form of data, scenarios and models from various natural, social and engineering science disciplines and making this integrated knowledge accessible to a broad community of end-users. These challenges were addressed by (i) creating and applying the DIVA method, an iterative, modular method for developing integrating models amongst distributed partners and (ii) making the data, scenarios and integrated model, equipped with a powerful graphical user interface, directly and freely available to end-users.     

中国西北干旱区年降水量非线性动力模式预测试验

利用中国西北干旱区16个代表站年降水量序列,引入非线性动力模式对年降水量做了非独立样本和独立样本预测试验。对模式参数及非线性函数的选取做了一些改进和探讨。初步结果表明,模式能较好地拟合降水量变化趋势和具有一定的预测能力。预测效果优于自回归模式。     

Evaluation and mapping of Dead Sea coastal aquifers salinity using Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) resistivity measurements

Evaporite karst has intensively developed recently along the Dead Sea (DS) coastal area in Israel and Jordan. It takes place in very saline groundwater dissolving buried salt layers, causing collapse of the surface. In this paper, groundwater salinity throughout the DS coastal area is investigated using the Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) method. Twenty-eight TEM soundings along the DS coastal area were carried out close to observation boreholes to calibrate resistivity–salinity relationships. Groundwater electrical conductivity was measured in these boreholes, and its salinity was analyzed at the laboratory by the Geological Survey of Israel (GSI). Quantitative relationships between bulk resistivity (ρ_x), water resistivity (ρ_w) and chloride concentration (C_cl) were derived in the resistivity range less than 1.0 Ω·m that enabled to evaluate the salinity of the aquifer in in situ conditions. Average values of the effective porosity of sandy sediments, φ_e = 0.32, and of silty ones, φ_e = 0.44, were used to generate the corresponding Archie equations. The study has shown that a DS aquifer with bulk resistivity in the range of 0.55–1.0 Ω·m contains in pores brine with 50–110 g_chloride/l of (22–50% of that in saturated conditions, respectively), i.e. it keeps the potential to dissolve up to 114–174 g/l of salt.