西藏拉果错卤虫─Ⅰ.生物学特征

西藏拉果错位于阿里高原南部,湖面海拔４４７０ｍ,水化学类型属于弱度碳酸盐亚型,湖水盐度为５．５％－６．５％。湖区属于高原亚寒带干旱区。拉果错每年１２月至翌年３月为肖水冰冰期,４月下旬－５月初卤虫科卵大量孵化,５－９月为卤虫早繁衍期,９月底－１０月大量产生休眠卤虫卵,卤虫卵主要分布于湖东北部和西北部。卤虫和卤虫卵呈紫红色;虫卵属深色卵壳。卤虫干卵径２６４．５μｍ,卤虫克卵量约１２万粒。无节幼体长６０     

Multi‐scale Decomposition of Co‐seismic Deformation from High Resolution DEMs: a Case Study of the 2004 Mid‐Niigata Earthquake

Decomposing co-seismic deformation is an immediate need for researchers who are interested in earthquake inversion analysis and geo-hazard mapping. However, conventional InSAR or digital elevation models (DEMs) imagery analyses only provide the displacement in the Line-of-Sight (LOS) direction or elevation changes. The 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake in Japan provides lessons on how to decompose co-seismic deformation from two sets of DEMs. If three adjacent points undergo a rigid-body-translation movement, their co-seismic deformation can be decomposed by solving simultaneous equations. Although this method has been successfully used to discuss tectonic deformations, the algorithm needed improvement and a more rigorous algorithm, including a new definition of nominal plane, DEMs comparability improvement and matrix condition check is provided. Even with these procedures, the obtained decomposed displacement often showed remarkable scatter prompting the use of the moving average method, which was used to determine both tectonic and localized displacement characteristics. A cut-off window and a pair of band-pass windows were selected according to the regional geology and construction activities to ease the tectonic and localized displacement calculations, respectively. The displacement field of the tectonic scale shows two major clusters of large lateral components, and coincidently major visible landslides were found mostly within them. The localized displacement helps to reveal hidden landslides in the target area. As far as the Kizawa hamlet is concerned, the obtained vectors show down-slope movements, which are consistent with the observed traces of dislocations that were found in the Kizawa tunnel and irrigation wells. The method proposed has great potential to be applied to understanding post-earthquake rehabilitation in other areas.     

兰坪盆地白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区中银、钴、铋、镍的赋存状态与成因意义

白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区位于兰坪盆地北部。矿集区可分为东、西两个成矿带。赋矿地层主要为上三叠统三合洞组碳酸盐岩、第三系始新统保相寺组碎屑岩和下白垩统景星组碎屑岩。矿体主要以脉状、网脉状及透镜状形式产出。作者通过显微镜观察、电子探针和扫描分析等综合分析技术,确认白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区中矿物组成相当丰富,已鉴定出的矿物超过50种,既有大量硫化物、硫盐、氧化物、硫酸盐、碳酸盐,又有自然金属及金属互化物、卤化物等。除常见矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂、白铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿、砷黝铜矿、铜蓝、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、雌黄、菱铁矿、方解石、铁白云石、重晶石、天青石和石英外,作者还鉴定出一些银、钴、铋、镍、砷、锑的矿物,如自然铋、辉铋矿、辉银矿、辉砷钴矿、硫钴镍矿、硫铜铋矿、硫铋铜矿、辉砷镍矿、车轮矿、硫砷铜矿、单斜硫砷铅矿、灰硫砷铅矿等。矿石中矿物种类较多,组成较复杂,存在Co,Bi,Ni等元素的矿物,构成白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区的一大特色。在兰坪盆地白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区各矿段内,除了Cu、Pb、Zn构成工业矿体外,矿石中Ag、Co、Ni、Bi及As、Sb、Ba等元素的含量也相当高,可作为Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Co-Ni-Bi矿石来综合开发利用。白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区中Ag、Co、Ni、Bi等元素富集条件为低温、中低盐度,形成压力较小的浅成环境;成矿流体是一种富含CO2的Ca2+-Na+-SO24-Cl-类型、由大气降水演化而成的盆地热卤水。成矿物质主要来源于含有基性火山岩的兰坪盆地基底变质岩系。     

青藏高原中部色林错区域古湖滨线 地貌特征、空间分布及高原湖泊演化

结合新近获得的高精度遥感影像和详细的野外调查,首次对青藏高原内部大型单个湖泊古湖滨线进行了系统的调查测量。综合色林错周边古湖滨线的地貌、沉积及地形特征,本文首次提出色林错周边区域古湖滨线从地貌上可以分为3类: 1)处于高位,保存完好且非常连续的单级"高位古湖滨线"; 2)高于高位古湖滨线、严重退化、只有零散保存的多级"退化古湖滨线"; 3)低于高位古湖滨线、保存最好而非常连续的"低位古湖滨线"。野外系统测量表明,高位古湖滨线高程约4 593 m,最高退化古湖滨线高程为4 640 m。高位古湖滨线一致的高程分布表明: 1)晚更新世高位古湖滨线形成时期存在一个更大的色林错古湖; 2)自晚更新世以来,在色林错周边200 km范围内,不存在构造差异抬升。结合前人对西藏内部大型湖泊古湖滨线的年代学研究及本文的高程测量分析,指出关于晚更新世西藏中东部统一的古大湖--"古羌塘东湖"的提法值得商榷,晚更新世高原内部各大型湖泊更可能是通过河道串联。     

旅游探险胜地--杰萨错生态旅游区

杰萨错生态旅游区是一处以湖泊、温泉、冰川、山岳、野生动物为主要特色的生态旅游区，区内旅游资源类型多样，内容丰富，配套性好，集观光、探险、科考于一体。具有较高的开发价值。本文介绍了该生态旅游区的旅游资源概况，并对旅游资源进行了评价和开发定位。     

The response of lake-glacier variations to climate change in Nam Co Catchment,central Tibetan Plateau,during 1970–2000

Based upon the 1970 aero-photo topographic map, and TM/ETM satellite images taken in 1991 and 2000, the authors artificially interpreted boundaries of lake and glaciers in Nam Co Catchment, and quantified lake-glacier area variations in different stages by ＂integrated method＂ with the support of GIS. Results show that from 1970 to 2000, lake area increased from 1942.34 km^2 to 1979.79 km^2 at a rate of 1.27 km^2/a, while glacier area decreased from 167.62 km^2 to 141.88 km^2 at a rate of 0.86 km^2/a. The increasing rate of lake in 1991-2000 was 1.76 km^2/a that was faster than 1.03 km^2/a in 1970-1991, while in the same period of time, the shrinking rates of glaciers were 0.97 km^2/a and 0.80 km^2/a respectively. Important factors, relevant to lake and glacier response to the climate, such as air temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and their values in warm and cold seasons, were discussed. The result suggests that temperature increasing is the main reason for the accelerated melting of glaciers. Lake expansion is mainly induced by the increase of the glacier melting water, increase of precipitation and obvious decrease of potential evapotranspiration. Precipitation, evaporation and their linkages with lake enlargement on regional scale need to be thoroughly studied under the background of global warming and glacier retreating.     

南海北部边缘盆地天然气成因类型及气源构成特点

南海北部边缘盆地油气地质现象丰富多彩,天然气成因类型及分布规律复杂。根据该区天然气勘探及研究程度,迄今为止勘探所发现烃类天然气可划分为生物气及生物-低熟过渡带气（亚生物气）、成熟-高熟油型气及煤型气以及高熟-过熟天然气等3大成因类型;非烃天然气CO2可划分为壳源型（有机/无机）、壳幔混合型及幔源型等3型4类。生物气及亚生物气在莺—琼盆地及珠江口盆地浅层广泛分布,气源来自上新统及第四系海相沉积;成熟油型气主要分布于北部湾、琼东南东北部及珠江口盆地,气源来自始新统中深湖相偏腐泥型烃源岩;成熟-高熟煤型气及高熟-过熟天然气,则主要展布于莺—琼盆地及珠江口盆地部分地区,前者气源主要由渐新统煤系和中新统海相偏腐殖型烃源岩所供给,后者气源则来自不同类型高熟-过熟烃源岩。CO2则主要富集于莺歌海盆地泥底辟带浅层及琼东南盆地东部和珠江口盆地部分区域,气源分别来自受泥底辟热流体活动影响强烈的中新统海相含钙砂泥岩和深部地幔活动。