云南者桑金矿床富金矿石类型与地球化学特征研究

云南富宁者桑金矿床位于我国滇黔桂"金三角"区域,是该区的大型卡林型金矿床之一。为了更为详细地了解卡林型金矿在富金矿石中的赋存状态以及地球化学特征,该文以者桑金矿床中几种不同类型赋金矿石:辉绿岩型矿石、泥质板岩或粉砂岩型矿石、泥灰岩型矿石的载金黄铁矿及毒砂为研究对象,进行矿物特征观察和地球化学特征分析。结果表明:辉绿岩型矿石中,破碎状毒砂、细粒自形毒砂、拉长菱形毒砂的尖端含金性较优;泥质板岩或粉砂岩型矿石中,脉状黄铁矿集合体、粗粒自形五角十二面体含金性较优;泥灰岩型矿石普遍含金,其中细粒菱形毒砂的含金性尤为显著。不同矿石类型中载金矿物的含金性与硅化、炭化、绢云母化等密切相关;黄铁矿w(Fe)、w(S)关系,黄铁矿、毒砂晶形特征以及微量元素Co/Ni关系,揭示者桑金矿床属中—低温热液成因;Au-As关系表明者桑金矿床金主要是以"不可见"形式的晶格金和纳米金赋存于赋金矿石中。     

Clay mineralogy of an Eocene fluvial-lacustrine sequence in Xining Basin,Northwest China,and its paleoclimatic implications

The Eocene was marked by significant cooling during which the global climate was transformed from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. Notable coeval events were the India-Asia collision and the retreat of the Paratethys Sea in Asia. The Eocene section of the long and continuous sedimentary succession of the Xining Basin in Northwest China is characterized by red mudstones with intercalated gypsum and muddy-gypsiferous layers. In this study, we conducted a semi-quantitative analysis of the mineralogy of bulk samples and the clay fraction using X-ray diffraction, with the aim of characterizing the Eocene climatic evolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and inland Asia. We used a new pretreatment method to address the problem of extracting sufficient clay particles from the gypsum and gypsiferous layers. The bulk mineralogy is dominated by quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum and dolomite; and the clay mineralogy is dominated by illite, chlorite, and smectite(including irregular mixed-layer illite-smectite(I/S)). The variations of the clay mineral assemblages indicate the occurrence of alternations between warm humid conditions and hot dry conditions, with relatively high humidity during ～52–50,～41.5–39 and ～35–34 Ma. Comparison of the results with the timing of Tibetan Plateau uplift, transgressions and regressions of the Paratethys Sea, and the marine oxygen isotope record suggest that the Eocene climatic evolution of the study region was driven fundamentally by global climate change.     

Mineralogical correlation between primary and replacement dolomites

Primary dolostones occur in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation. Based on mineralogical study the indicators for correlation between the primary dolomites which are not influenced by the diagenesis and the replacement dolomites of different periods have been obtained. It is shown that the primary dolomites are characterized by crystal forms precipitated and deposited directly from sea water, stable and homogeneous distribution of Mg and Ca, ideal chemical composition, regular modulated microstructures, low positive δ¹³C and low negative δ¹⁸O. Project supported by the “85–102” Chinese National Key Science and Technology Project.     

Two pedogenic models for paleoclimatic records of magnetic susceptibility from Chinese and Siberian loess

The magnetic susceptibility (MS) of Chinese loess showing a general proportional relationship to pedogenic grade has been widely recognized and used for reconstruction of paleoclimate by Quaternary scientists. The in-situ pedogenic enhancement of ferrimagnetic content is normally believed to be the main reason for the increase of susceptibility in soil units. However, this pattern of high magnetic susceptibility in palaeosols, and low values in loess, are not replicated in some loess deposits. Siberian loess deposits display a completely opposite susceptibility behavior: high values in loess and low values in palaeosols. This inverse relationship has been explained by the idea that magnetic susceptibility is reflecting the magnitude of an aeolian ferrimagnetic component of consistent mineralogy, the grain size of which is related to average wind velocity. Our magnetic study of Siberian samples in this paper suggests that there are notable differences in magnetic properties between Siberian loess and developed palaeosols, not only in magnetic grain-size and concentration but also in magnetic mineralogy. This evidence is difficult to explain fully through variation in wind strength alone, but implies that the low magnetic susceptibility values in the Siberian paleosol units are a reflection, at least in part, of the alteration of the ferrimagnetic content by post-depositional processes. The Loess Plateau is a very arid area where potential evaporation is always higher than precipitation; pedogenesis occurs under dry oxidising conditions. The Siberian Kurtak region is located on the edge of the tundra where it is always wet and saturation during interglacials will lead to a reducing pedogenic environment. Ferrimagnetic minerals under this condition will be destroyed, resulting in lower magnetic susceptibility. Therefore, great care should be taken when using susceptibility values for paleoclimatic reconstruction.     

Flow direction and magnetic mineralogy of lava flows from the central parts of the Peninsula of Baja California,Mexico

Magnetic properties of two apparently unrelated lava suites (one tholeiitic and the other alkalic) coexisting in the central parts of the Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico, were measured in this study. Macroscopic indicators and measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) were combined to infer the flow direction on those lavas. These measurements were used to investigate the likelihood of the existence of an abnormally long tholeiitic lava flow in this part of the Peninsula. The obtained results indicate that the tholeiitic flows in the region constitute regular length flows, and are likely to have been issued through vents located within the area of study. Additionally, comparison of the magnetic signature of tholeiitic and alkalic lavas reveals a systematic difference in some of the magnetic parameters (bulk susceptibility and Curie temperatures). In particular, it is proposed that the narrow range of Curie temperatures characteristic of each lava type can be used as a reliable proxy for the identification of each lava type in the region. All of these findings show that the alkalic and tholeiitic lavas of the region are more closely related to each other than previously suspected.Editorial responsibility: R. Cioni     

昌化田黄鸡血石的矿物学特征研究

昌化田黄鸡血石是近年来发现的田黄新品种。人们根据其外观分为两类:冻地田黄鸡血石和刚地田黄鸡血石。本文运用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱、化学分析等分析手段对浙江玉岩山的昌化田黄鸡血石进行了研究,结果表明,冻地田黄鸡血石以迪开石为主,含有少量的滑石;刚地田黄鸡血石以明矾石为主,含有少量的迪开石、石英、钠长石和滑石。依据田黄的一般概念,笔者认为昌化冻地田黄鸡血石可以称为"田黄鸡血石",而刚地田黄鸡血石只能定义为昌化鸡血石,从矿物学特征上,不能称为田黄。     

河南省栾川县石瑶沟钼矿石英、黄铁矿 成因矿物学特征及其地质意义

[摘要]河南省栾川县石瑶沟钼矿是武警黄金第六支队近年来在东秦岭钼成矿带上新发现并正 在勘查的又一处大型钼矿床。本文在充分搜集利用前人地质调查、矿产勘查和研究资料的基础上,进行 了一定的野外工作,通过综合研究和相关样品的测试分析,总结了石瑶沟钼矿含矿石英的微量元素、稀 土元素含量特征、流体包裹体特征和黄铁矿的产状、成分和热电性特征,判定了矿床属浅成中温斑岩型 矿床,初步探讨了矿区下一步的找矿远景。     

Constitutive model with time-dependent deformations

In many geological and engineering problems it is necessary to transform information from one scale to another. Data collected at laboratory scale are often used to evaluate field problems on a much larger scale. This is certainly true for geological problems where extreme scale differences are common in time as well as size. This problem is addressed by means of a new constitutive model for soils. It is able to describe the behavior of soils at different deformation rates. The model defines time-dependent and stress-related deformations separately. They are related to each other and they occur simultaneously. The model is based on concepts from elasticity and viscoplasticity theories. In addition to Hooke's law for the elastic behavior, the framework for the viscoplastic behavior consists, in the general case (two-dimensional or three-dimensional), of a yield surface, an associated flow rule and a hardening law. The model is formulated in incremental terms and is therefore suitable for computational modeling and it has been implemented in a computer program used for analyzing the depositional history of an oil field in the Danish part of the North Sea. An important part of the problem in this case was the difference in time scale between the geological process of deposition (millions of years) and the laboratory measurements of mechanical properties (minutes or hours). In addition, the time scale relevant to the production history of the oil field was interesting (days or years).