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31.
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the complete sequence of sediment behaviour beneath progressive waves. The sediment was silty with d 50 = 0.060 mm. Two kinds of measurements were carried out: pore-water pressure measurements (across the sediment depth), and water-surface elevation measurements. The process of liquefaction/compaction was videotaped from the side simultaneously with the pressure and water-surface elevation measurements. The video records were then analysed to measure: (i) the time development of the mudline, (ii) the time development of liquefaction and compaction fronts in the sediment and (iii) the characteristics of the orbital motion of the liquefied sediment including the motion of the interface between the water body and the sediment. The ranges of the various quantities in the tests were: wave height, H = 9–17 cm, wave period, T = 1.6 sec, water depth = 42 cm, and the Shields parameter = 0.34–0.59. The experiments reveal that, with the introduction of waves, excess pore pressure builds up, which is followed by liquefaction during which internal waves are experienced at the interface of the water body and the liquefied sediment, the sequence of processes known from a previous investigation. This sequence of processes is followed by dissipation of the accumulated excess pore pressure and compaction of the sediment which is followed by the formation of bed ripples. The present results regarding the dissipation and compaction appear to be in agreement with recent centrifuge wave-tank experiments. As for the final stage of the sequence of processes (formation of ripples), the ripple steepness (normalized with the angle of repose) for sediment with liquefaction history is found to be the same as that in sediment with no liquefaction history. 相似文献
32.
The paragenesis of monazite in metapelitic rocks from the contact aureole of the Harney Peak Granite, Black Hills, South Dakota, was investigated using zoning patterns of monazite and garnet, electron microprobe dating of monazite, bulk-rock compositions, and major phase mineral equilibria. The area is characterized by low-pressure and high-temperature metamorphism with metamorphic zones ranging from garnet to sillimanite zones. Garnet porphyroblasts containing euhedral Y annuli are observed from the garnet to sillimanite zones. Although major phase mineral equilibria predict resorption of garnet at the staurolite isograd and regrowth at the andalusite isograd, textural and mass balance analyses suggest that the formation of the Y annuli is not related to the resorption-and-regrowth of garnet having formed instead during garnet growth in the garnet zone. Monazite grains in Black Hills pelites were divided into two generations on the basis of zoning patterns of Y and U: monazite 1 with low-Y and -U and monazite 2 with high-Y and -U. Monazite 1 occurs in the garnet zone and persists into the sillimanite zone as cores shielded by monazite 2 which starts to form in the andalusite zone. Pelites containing garnet porphyroblasts with Y annuli and monazite 1 with patchy Th zoning are more calcic than those with garnet with no Y annuli and monazite with concentric Th zoning. Monazite 1 is attributed to breakdown of allanite in the garnet zone, additionally giving rise to the Y annuli observed in garnet. Monazite 2 grows in the andalusite zone, probably at the expense of garnet and monazite 1 in the andalusite and sillimanite zones. The ages of the two different generations of monazite are within the precision of chemical dating of electron microprobe. The electron microprobe ages of all monazites from the Black Hills show a single ca. 1713 Ma population, close to the intrusion age of the Harney Peak Granite (1715 Ma). This study demonstrates that Y zoning in garnet and monazite are critical to the interpretation of monazite petrogenesis and therefore monazite ages. 相似文献
33.
Chemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of mountainous region, Alvand, Hamadan, Iran 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Mohsen Jalali 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(3):433-446
Eighty-seven groundwater samples have been collected from a mountainous region (Alvand, Iran) for hydrochemical investigations to understand the sources of dissolved ions and assess the chemical quality of the groundwater. Most water quality parameters are within World Health Organization acceptable limits set for drinking water. The least mineralized water is found closest to the main recharge zones and the salinity of water increased towards the north of the basin. The most prevalent water type is Ca–HCO3 followed by water types Ca–NO3, Ca–Cl, Ca–SO4 and Mg–HCO3. The Ca–NO3 water type is associated with high nitrate pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities were associated with elevated level of NO3−. Mineral dissolution/weathering of evaporites dominates the major element hydrochemistry of the area. Chemical properties of groundwater in Alvand region are controlled both by natural geochemical processes and anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
34.
Semi-Analytic Modelling of Subsidence 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper presents a forward model for subsidence prediction caused by extraction of hydrocarbons. The model uses combinations
of analytic solutions to the visco-elastic equations, which approximate the boundary conditions. There are only a few unknown
parameters to be estimated, and, consequently, calculations are very fast. The semi-analytic model is applicable to a uniform
and layer-cake stratigraphy, with visco-elastic parameters changing per layer, and an arbitrary depletion pattern. By its
capabilities to handle a multi-layered visco-elastic subsurface, the semi-analytic model fills the gap between the analytic
single-layered elastic models available to date and the more elaborate numerical, e.g. finite element, models. 相似文献
35.
Construction techniques for the Taklamakan Desert Highway: research on the construction materials and the results of field tests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
After conducting many laboratory and field experiments, several key technical issues related to the construction of China’s
Taklamakan Desert Highway have been satisfactorily resolved. In particular, considerable progress has been made on the dry
compaction of a sand sub-base, road design parameters, the creation of a structure that combines a sub-grade and asphalt pavement,
analysis of the stability of a sand sub-base strengthened with geotextiles, and on the development of a complete set of construction
techniques. The achievements of this research were successfully applied for the first time in the Taklamakan Desert, where
the environmental conditions are extremely harsh. The results suggest that the construction of this highway was economical
and that the simple construction methods produced a reliable highway. The resulting highway is believed to be the world’s
first long-distance graded highway running through a huge desert with migrating dunes. 相似文献
36.
37.
云南省癌死亡率与土壤环境中化学元素的关系 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
癌病严重危害人类生命。研究表明:土壤环境中微量元素与肿病发生发展以及治疗相关,个别地区的地方病与元素含量关系密切。对土壤中元素含量研究证实:云南癌死亡率低于全国平均水平。文章详细讨论云南9种频发、52种常见癌症与元素的关系。 相似文献
38.
针对强夯法加固地基机理的流固动力耦合分析问题,本文考虑土体的几何非线性,建立土体非线性动力平衡方程和整体流固动力耦合方程,给出土体非线性动力平衡方程的迭代计算格式和流固动力耦合方程的解耦计算方法,并对一具体算例进行了数值分析,得到了地基位移、应力等在强夯作用下的变化规律和在空间上的分布特征,为精确模拟分析强夯加固机理提供了有效途径。 相似文献
39.
Heterogeneous shallow Plio-Quaternary formations of the Souss Plain represent the most important aquifer in southern High Atlas Mountains in Morocco. The present work was conducted in the Souss Upstream Basin to identify the chemical characteristics and the origin of groundwater in an aquifer under semi-arid climate. Isotopic and hydrochemical compositions combined with geological and hydrogeological data were used for this purpose. The total dissolved solids vary from 239 to 997 mg l−1, and the following groundwater types are recognized: Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3−, Ca2+–Mg2+–SO42− and Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl−. The groundwater is saturated and slightly supersaturated with respect to carbonate minerals and undersaturated with respect to evaporite minerals, which means that the groundwater composition is largely controlled by the dissolution of carbonate rocks known in the basin. The isotopic contents of groundwaters ranged from −8‰ to −5.2‰ for δ18O, from −52‰ to −34‰ for δD, and from 0 to 5.5 TU for tritium. The hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope signatures reveal a significant infiltration before evaporation takes place, indicating a major recharge directly from fractures in the crystalline and limestone formations of Atlas Mountains (above 800 m a.s.l.) and infiltration of surface water in the alluvial cones at the border of the Atlas basins. The very low tritium values suggest that the groundwater recharge follows a long flow path and a mixing between old and modern water is shown. However, a slight evaporation effect is noted in the southern part of the basin close to the Anti-Atlas Mountains. 相似文献
40.