河北坝上沙漠化土地综合整治优化模式

本文通过对河北丰宁坝上大滩村农业系统的环境条件、发展历史、结构现状及功能等的分析，针对存在的问题，提出了综合调整系统结构、提高系统功能的原则、对策及整治途径，建立了系统的优化模式并进行了效益分析。     

宝顶山石窟造象岩壁风化产物化学特征及形成分析

为研究宝顶山石窟区造象岩壁风化破坏及渗水危害的作用机理,选择不同类型风化产物进行定期采样监测。本文重点论述了外围岩石和造象岩壁风化产物的化学成分及矿物成分、风化产物可溶盐的化学特征及可溶盐类型,以及这些特征的多年变化规律,分析论证了可溶盐不同水化学成因类型的形成特征,为防风化防渗水危害治理措施提供可靠依据。     

Physicochemical properties of fine aerosols at Plan d'Aups during ESCOMPTE

The physical and chemical properties of aerosol particles were investigated at Plan d'Aups, one of the ESCOMPTE sites located in the St. Baume mountain area (700 m a.s.l.), 50 km east of Marseilles (France). The site is ideally located for assessing the vertical and horizontal extent of the pollution plume from the Marseilles–Berre area.Our study showed that polluted air masses from the Marseilles–Berre area are advected to Plan d'Aups in the early afternoon. Average daily concentration of particles reaches up to 40 μg m⁻³ while 1-h average particle number concentration is greater than 30,000 cm⁻³. Most of the particle mass is composed of SO₄²⁻ and organic carbon (OC). The chemical properties of the particles revealed that an additional source, possibly from the industrial area of Gardanne, contributes to the aerosol mass. This last source is characterised by significant emissions of elements, such as Zn, V, Al and Si.In addition to transport, we found that gas-to-particle conversion takes place at the interface between the free troposphere and the boundary layer. We estimated that on average, 30% of the particle number is accounted for by direct nucleation. This is potentially a major aerosol source to the free troposphere.     

Effect of chemical fertilizers on the fractionation of Cu,Cr and Ni in contaminated soil

Effect of chemical fertilizers (urea, NH₄Cl, Ca(NO₃)₂, KCl and KH₂PO₄) on the fractionation of Cu, Cr and Ni was studied by a 4-month incubation experiment. Using sequential extraction procedure, it was found that the application of fertilizers could change the distribution of Cu, Cr and Ni in the fractions of soil. Applying urea (CO(NH₂)₂) significantly decreased the concentrations of Cu, Cr and Ni in water soluble plus exchangeable (WE) fraction, but increased those in Fe–Mn oxides bound (FM) fraction (p < 0.01). However, application of NH₄Cl caused an increase in the WE fraction by 27.7% for Cu, 111.5% for Cr and 20.4% for Ni. The CO(NH₂)₂ raised the soil pH from 4.51 to 4.96, whereas NH₄Cl lowered the pH of soil by 0.44 units. The WE fraction of the three heavy metals was significantly increased, while the FM fraction was significantly decreased by adding KCl (p < 0.01). Moreover, the supply of KH₂PO₄ reduced the WE and carbonate bound (CB) fractions of Cu, Cr and Ni in the soil, however, it raised Cu and Ni in the residual (RS) fraction and Cr in the FM fraction. In addition, the mobility index indicated that KCl and NH₄Cl increased the mobility of Cu, Cr and Ni in the soil, whereas urea and KH₂PO₄ decreased the mobility of the three metals in the soil. These results suggest that applying chemical fertilizers does not only provide plant nutrients, but may also change the speciation and mobility of heavy metals in the soil.     

Aquifer development planning to supply a seaside resort: a case study in Goa,India

Using the hydrogeological and socio-economic data derived from a European Commission research project on the measurement, monitoring and sustainability of the coastal environment, two optimization models have been applied to satisfy the future water resources needs of the coastal zone of Bardez in Goa, India. The number of tourists visiting Goa since the 1970s has risen considerably, and roughly a third of them go to Bardez taluka, prompting growth in the tourist-related infrastructure in the region. The optimization models are non-linear mixed integer models that have been solved using GAMS/DICOPT++ commercial software. Optimization models were used, firstly, to indicate the most suitable zones for building seaside resorts and wells to supply the tourist industry with an adequate amount of water, and secondly, to indicate the best location for wells to adequately supply pre-existing hotels. The models presented will help to define the optimal locations for the wells and the hydraulic infrastructures needed to satisfy demand at minimum cost, taking into account environmental constraints such as the risk of saline intrusion.

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Résumé A l’aide de données hydrogéologiques et socio-économiques, dérivées d’un projet de recherche de la Commission Européenne sur l’étude, la surveillance et la durabilité de l’environnement c?tier, deux modèles d’optimisation ont été appliqués en vue de satisfaire les besoins futurs en ressources en eau de la zone c?tière de Bardez au Goa en Inde. Le nombre de touristes qui visitent le Goa depuis les années 70 a considérablement augmenté et environ un tiers d’entre eux se rend à Bardez taluka, ce qui encourage la croissance des infrastructures liées au tourisme dans la région. Les modèles d’optimisation sont des modèles non linéaires mixtes en nombres entiers qui ont été résolus en utilisant le logiciel commercial GAMS/DICOPT++. Les modèles d’optimisation ont été utilisés pour indiquer premièrement les zones les plus appropriées pour construire des stations balnéaires et des puits pour approvisionner en quantité d’eau suffisante l’industrie touristique, et deuxièmement pour indiquer la meilleure localisation de puits pour l’alimentation des h?tels préexistants. Les modèles présentés aideront à définir les localisations optimales des puits et des infrastructures hydrauliques nécessaires à la satisfaction de la demande à un co?t minimum, tout en prenant en compte les contraintes environnementales, tel que le risque d’intrusion saline.

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Resumen Se han aplicado dos modelos de optimización en base a datos socio-económicos e hidrogeológicos derivados de un proyecto de investigación de la Comisión Europea sobre medición, monitoreo y sostenibilidad del ambiente costero para satisfacer las necesidades futuras de recursos hídricos de la zona costera de Bardez en Goa, India. El número de turistas que visita Goa desde la década de 1970′s ha subido considerablemente y cerca de un tercio de ellos van a Bardez taluka impulsando el crecimiento en la infraestructura turística de la región. Los modelos de optimización son modelos de números enteros mixtos no-lineales que se han resuelto usando el programa comercial GAMS/DICOPT++. Los modelos de optimización se usaron, primero para indicar las zonas más adecuadas para la construcción de centros de diversión en las márgenes del océano y pozos para abastecer la industria turística con una adecuada cantidad de agua, y segundo, para indicar la mejor localización de pozos para el abastecimiento de hoteles pre-existentes. Los modelos que se presentan ayudarán a definir las localizaciones óptimas para los pozos y las infraestructuras hidráulicas necesarias para satisfacer la demanda al mínimo costo, tomando en consideración restricciones ambientales tal como el riesgo de intrusión salina.

     

化学试剂管理数据库的设计与开发——以华东地质学院化学试剂管理数据库为例

论述了采用客户／服务器模型设计、实现化学试剂管理数据库的方法和技术。通过网络平台完成院各部门的年度化学试剂申报、统计和管理工作，可以充分发挥校园网的通讯优势。解决了长期存在的化学试剂手工管理所带来的效率低、申报不及时甚至重复申报等问题。     

甘肃省区域化探方法技术和主要成果

20世纪 70年代末 ,微量元素分析技术的提高和区域化探工作方法的提出 ,为全国区域化探扫面奠定了基础。甘肃省自 1979年开始 ,到 2 0 0 1年止 ,根据不同的地球化学景观 ,采用不同的工作方法 ,完成了全省 4 0 4万km2 范围内的全部可工作区的 1∶2 0万区域化探工作 ,发现了大水等Au矿床 (田 )。甘肃省的Au高背景区域主要分布在西秦岭及祁连山西段 ,元素组合主要是Au、As、Sb、Hg、Ag、Pb、Cd、Bi、W、Mo、Cu、Zn等。通过对甘肃省区域化探 2 0余年走过的历程和取得的成果的综述与分析 ,在战略指导思想、方法技术对策、成绩成果评估和新世纪发展方向等方面进行了有益的探索和讨论。     

贺兰山地区沙尘暴若干问题的观测研究

利用贺兰山地区沙尘暴历史资料和综合观测资料 ,对大气背景、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴发生期间的大气气溶胶数浓度谱、质量谱、大气总悬浮颗粒 (TSP)及粒径分布、微气象、分光日射观测以及沙尘样品进行中子活化处理 ,分析了该地区浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴形成规律 ,气候变化特征和贺兰山的影响。并综合研究了沙尘气溶胶尺度谱特征、光学厚度和化学组分等变化特征 ,提出了若干结果。     

农业生态系统模式的优化设计探讨

对农业生态系统模式的优化设计原则、内容、方法与步骤进行了探讨。认为模式优化设计包括5大原则，即区域适宜性原则、实用性原则、经济与市场原则、持续性原则和科学性原则；农业生态系统模式设计的主要内容包括总体目标设计、产业结构设计、时空结构设计、食物链网设计、环境与生态形象设计、物质与资金投放和输入输出设计、技术体系设计、面向对象设计及系统集成与优化；农业生态系统设计的基本程序包括系统环境辨识、系统诊断、系统模型分析和方案设计、系统评价和方案选优、系统运行及反馈修正等内容。     

成矿预测研究现状及发展趋势

随着地表露头矿，易识别矿越来越少，找矿难度越来越大。GIS高新技术普及应用，为成矿预测展示了新的前景。本文通过成矿预测发展历史的回顾，概述今后一段时期地勘行业成矿预测的主要思路：在新的成矿理论指导下，借助GIS技术，实现科学化，系统化，信息化，动态化和可视化多源信息综合预测找矿，为普查立项提供依据，并提出了具体工作步骤。