Parameter estimation for basin-scale ecosystem-linked population models of large pelagic predators: Application to skipjack tuna

A Spatial Ecosystem and Population Dynamic Model (SEAPODYM) is used in a data assimilation study aiming to estimate model parameters that describe dynamics of Pacific skipjack tuna population on ocean-based scale. The model based on advection–diffusion–reaction equations explicitly predicts spatial dynamics of large pelagic predators, while taking into account data on several mid-trophic level components, oceanic primary productivity and physical environment. In order to improve its quantitative ability, the model was parameterized through assimilation with commercial fisheries data, and optimization was carried out using maximum likelihood estimation approach. To address the optimization task we implemented an adjoint technique to obtain an exact, analytical evaluation of the likelihood gradient. We conducted a series of computer experiments in order to (i) determine model sensitivity with respect to variable parameters and, hence, investigate their observability; (ii) estimate observable parameters and their errors; and (iii) justify the reliability of the computed solution. Parameters describing recruitment, movement, habitat preferences, natural and fishing mortality of skipjack population were analysed and estimated. Results of the study suggest that SEAPODYM with achieved parameterization scheme can help to investigate the impact of fishing under various management scenarios, and also conduct forecasts of a given species stock and spatial dynamics in a context of environmental and climate changes.     

坛紫菜中藻胆蛋白的性质与化学组成研究

坛紫菜(于1988年采自青岛太平角海区人工养殖筏上)的水溶性色素粗提物经过硫酸铵沉淀和羟基磷灰石(HA)柱层析后,分离出藻蓝蛋白(RPC)、藻红蛋白(RPE)和变藻蓝蛋白(APC)。在中性介质中,其吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱与文献报道基本一致;但在酸性(pH=3)或碱性(pH=12)介质中,吸收光谱较在中性介质中有明显改变,原有的荧光性质也消失。RPC和APC只分离到一种聚集体,但RPE有两种不同的聚集体。用SephadexG—100凝胶过滤方法测量藻胆蛋白的分子量分别为:RPC117000,APC112000,小分子RPE38000,大分子RPE232000。对三种藻胆蛋白的氨基酸分析的结果表明,三种藻胆蛋白中都是酸性氨基酸的含量大于碱性氨基酸的含量。     

Mooring optimization of floating platforms using a genetic algorithm

This paper presents a new procedure for the optimization of the mooring design of floating platforms, in which an automatic design sequence is also established. Regarding the optimization philosophy, the following aspects are dealt with:

• The optimization of the platform heading and its mooring pattern, taking into account the environmental force spreading;

• optimum line length or line tension for each mooring line, associated to the optimization of the mooring line materials and sizes.

Basically, the main goal of this paper is to introduce a new method, which will provide the quickest way to find the best mooring system, defined here as that which minimizes platform responses.A genetic algorithm (GA) is applied in this contribution, and this paper describes exactly the procedure of developing a GA code directed toward the solution of mooring design optimization problems. In order to prove the efficiency and the vast potential of the proposed algorithm as a design tool, sample moorings are analyzed for different environmental conditions and the final results, including the time required to run them, are presented.     

Complexation of mercury by dissolved organic matter in surface waters of Galveston Bay, Texas

The chemical speciation of dissolved mercury in surface waters of Galveston Bay was determined using the concentrations of mercury-complexing ligands and conditional stability constants of mercury-ligand complexes. Two classes of natural ligands associated with dissolved organic matter were determined by a competitive ligand exchange-solvent solvent extraction (CLE-SSE) method: a strong class (L_s), ranging from 19 to 93 pM with an average conditional stability constant (K_HgLs) of 10²⁸, and a weak class (L_w) ranging from 1.4 to 9.8 nM with an average K_HgLs of 10²³. The range of conditional stability constants between mercury and natural ligands suggested that sulfides and thiolates are important binding sites for dissolved mercury in estuarine waters. A positive correlation between the estuarine distribution of dissolved glutathione and that of mercury-complexing ligands supported this suggestion. Thermodynamic equilibrium modeling using stability constants for HgL, HgCl_x, Hg(OH)_x, and HgCl(OH) and concentrations of each ligand demonstrated that almost all of the dissolved mercury (> 99%) in Galveston Bay was complexed by natural ligands associated with dissolved organic matter. The importance of low concentrations of high-affinity ligands that may originate in the biological system (i.e., glutathione and phytochelatin) suggests that the greater portion of bulk dissolved organic matter may not be important for mercury complexation in estuarine surface waters.     

珠江口及附近海域夏季氮的化学形式分布研究

根据1998年夏季对珠江河口及附近海域的水质调查，研究了氮的各种化学形式的空间分布特征、相关系数和环境条件的影响。结果表明：珠江河口中，无机氮含量很高，占总氮的85％；而硝酸氮占无机氮的95％，NO2^--N和NH4^ -N含量很低。在外海，则以有机氮为主，占总氮的80％。NH4^ -N和NO2^--N在伶仃洋河口中部出现最大值，在外海的值最小；其它形式的氮从伶仃洋内河口到外海，其浓度都逐渐降低。NO3^--N是各种形式氮中的主要因素，它与各形式氮之间具有良好的相关性；NH4^ -N和NO2^--N与其它形式氮之间的相关性都很差，而其余各种形式氮之间都有较好的相关性。涨潮时不利于污染物的扩散；与小潮相比，大潮时伶仃洋河口中部表层氮的浓度偏高。     

粤北青嶂山岩体江头矿区铀矿微区矿物学、年代学特征及其成矿动力背景制约

粤北诸广和贵东是华南最重要的两个花岗型铀矿密集区,青嶂山(龙源坝)岩体位于两者之间,是华南花岗岩型铀矿研究薄弱地区。江头铀矿区地处青嶂山岩体北部与南雄断陷盆地的结合部位,该矿区的铀成矿年代学研究几为空白。本文通过电子探针方法研究了青嶂山岩体、及与该岩体密切相关的江头矿区中的铀矿物微区矿物学特征,获得岩浆成因的晶质铀矿与热液成因的沥青铀矿的U-Th-Pb化学年龄,探讨了华南铀成矿作用动力学背景及成矿地质体。研究表明:青嶂山岩体粗粒斑状黑云母花岗岩和中粒斑状黑云母花岗岩中的铀矿物主要有晶质铀矿、铀石,部分晶质铀矿存在明显铀释放的特征,其晶质铀矿化学年龄分别为246.8±8.8Ma、161.5±8.0Ma,与前人获得的锆石U-Pb年龄结果在误差范围内一致,分别代表了区内印支期与燕山期花岗岩体的成岩年龄,表明在南雄断陷盆地形成之前,青嶂山岩体与诸广岩体可能为一有机整体,有着相同的成岩、成矿环境。江头矿区矿石中铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿,伴有少量钛铀矿、铀石等,沥青铀矿化学年龄分别为121.3±9.8Ma、98.8±8.0Ma、73.2±8.8Ma,分别代表区内3期铀成矿作用的时代,结合华南中生代以来...     

青龙山超高压变质榴辉岩绿帘石化学成分与流体包裹体特征

青龙山超高压变质榴辉岩中的绿帘石经历了四个演化阶段：早期绿帘角闪岩相进变质阶段形成的绿帘石，其化学成分以含铁高为特征，Fe2O3为14．796～17．84％，XFe=0．413～0．486，而CaO和Al2O3含量较低；柯石英榴辉岩相变质阶段和石英榴辉岩相变质阶段形成的绿帘石，其化学成分呈现连续变化，核部相对富Fe2O3，为11．933～12．993％，XFe=0．322-0．358，而CaO和Al2O3含量低，主要形成于柯石英榴辉岩相变质阶段；边部Fe2O3的含量低，为9．628-10．138％，XFe=0．275～0．286，而CaO和Al2O3的含量高，主要形成于石英榴辉岩相退变质阶段；晚期退变质角闪岩相阶段形成的绿帘石，其化学成分与绿帘角闪岩相变质阶段相似，也以富含Fe2O3为特征，XFe=0．433。绿帘石化学成分的变化反映了苏鲁超高压变质带快速俯冲快速折返的过程。绿帘石中存在三种不同盐度的含Mg^2＋、Fe^2＋等金属阳离子的NaCl水溶液包裹体，高盐度（22．5wt％NaCl至略大于23．2wt％NaCl）的水溶液包裹体形成于柯石英榴辉岩相变质阶段，中高盐度（12．6-16．0wt％NaCl）的水溶液包裹体形成于石英榴辉岩相变质阶段，而中等盐度（6．4-11．7wt％NaCl）的溶液包裹体形成于角闪岩相退变质阶段。绿帘石中流体包裹体的研究证实超高压变质作用及后期的折返过程中并不存在大规模的流体作用，变质流体的活动限于矿物晶体颗粒范围。     

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry to quantify chemical erosion processes

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry data (uranium, potassium and thorium contents) reveal geochemical heterogeneities within the monolithological Hyrôme watershed (ca. 150 km²) in the Armorican massif (western France). Our observations and computations provide important constraints on the spatial distribution and the associated magnitudes of chemical erosion processes at the scale of a small watershed. Two distinct, partially preserved, weathering profiles exhibit a strong correlation between regolith evolution and airborne-derived K/Th ratios, suggesting that the variability is linked to supergene processes. Using both airborne data and laboratory measurements on rock samples, the total net export of potassium has been estimated at 422 ± 50 kg/m² and the chemical weathering rate of potassium at 17 ± 2 kg/km²/a.     

Construction of three-phase data to model multiphase flow in porous media: Comparing an optimization approach to the finite element approach

Multiphase flow modelling is a major issue in the assessment of groundwater pollution. Three-phase flows are commonly governed by mathematical models that associate a pressure equation with two saturation equations. These equations involve a number of secondary variables that reflect the fluid behaviour in a porous medium. To improve the computational efficiency of multiphase flow simulators, several simplified reformulations of three-phase flow equations have been proposed. However, they require the construction of new secondary variables adapted to the reformulated flow equations. In this article, two different approaches are compared to quantify these variables. A numerical example is given for a typical fine sand.     

东海超高压榴辉岩中绿帘石、褐帘石、磷灰石和钍石集合体的电子探针成分和化学定年研究

中国大陆超深钻(CCSD)主孔从100米到3000米切穿含柯石英榴辉岩,为系统研究大陆深俯冲过程中含稀土元素副矿物提供了机会。本文报道了该钻孔榴辉岩存在发现的绿帘石、褐帘石、磷灰石和钍石复合颗粒。它们以同心环带结构为特征,从边部向中心依次为绿帘石、褐帘石和磷灰石;钍石既可包裹再磷灰石中,也可见于褐帘石中。电子探针分析显示,褐帘石不仅含有较高的轻稀土元素(LREE2O3=23．36wt％),而且可含有2．6wt％ThO2。根据绿帘石和褐帘石的电子探针高分辨U、Th、Pb成分计算得到绿帘石边部的形成年龄为738±88Ma,该年龄与大别-苏鲁地体榴辉岩的元古代源岩的年龄相当,因此,绿帘石可能为残留相。相反,褐帘石的年龄为220±41Ma,与大别-苏鲁超高压变质年龄相近。因此,褐帘石与磷灰石和钍石一起应该为超高压变质事件的产物。根据绿帘石、褐帘石及其共生的磷灰石和钍石的结构、成分特征和化学定年结果,我们推测绿帘石与可能已完全消耗的独居石很可能为变质副矿物组合的先驱矿物。独居石-绿帘石复合颗粒在榴辉岩相高压／超高压变质过程中反应形成磷灰石+钍石+褐帘石组合。