三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响

三峡大坝建成之后,大量泥沙滞留于库区,出库泥沙量减少,坝下河床冲刷而提供相当数量的泥沙,支流湖泊供沙也发生变化,这将使进入河口地区的泥沙有所减少。三峡大坝以上长江干流和支流建设新的大坝,南水北调、封山育林、退耕还林以及减少水土流失都将进一步减少长江进入河口地区的泥沙。由此估计,三峡大坝建成后的百年内长江输入河口地区的泥沙约为2.0×10⁸～2.5×10⁸t/a;冰后期长江三角洲形成和发育期间的长江年均输沙量为1.84×10⁸～2.28×10⁸t。二者的数值相当接近,然而与近50年的观测(4.33×10⁸t/a)相差甚远,长江流域的气候变化和人类活动可能是造成这一现象的原因。文章着重说明中国和长江上游人口的增长、种植作物的改变可能是水土流失、长江泥沙量增长的主要原因。     

Benthic nutrient fluxes in the intertidal flat within the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary

In an annual cycle from March 2005 to February 2006, benthic nutrient fluxes were measured monthly in the Dongtan intertidal flat within the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary. Except for NH4^＋, there always showed high fluxes from overlying water into sediment for other four nutrients. Sediments in the high and middle marshes, covered with halophyte and consisting of macrofauna, demonstrated more capabilities of assimilating nutrients from overlying water than the low marsh. Sampling seasons and nutrient concentrations in the overlying water could both exert significant effects on these fluxes. Additionally, according to the model provided by previous study, denitrification rates, that utilizing NO3- transported from overlying water （Dw） in Dongtan sediments, were estimated to be from -16 to 193 μmol·h^-1·m^-2 with an average value of 63 μmol·h^-1·m^-2 （n=18）. These estimated values are still underestimates of the in-situ rates owing to the lack of consideration of DN, i.e., denitrification supported by the local NO3^- production via nitrification.     

Mechanism of mineralization in the Changjiang uranium ore field,South China: Evidence from fluid inclusions,hydrothermal alteration,and H–O isotopes

The Changjiang uranium ore field, which contains >10,000 tonnes of recoverable U with a grade of 0.1–0.5%, is hosted by Triassic two-mica and Jurassic biotite granites, and is one of the most important uranium ore fields in South China. The minerals associated with alteration and mineralization can be divided into two stages, namely syn-ore and post-ore. The syn-ore minerals are primarily quartz, pitchblende, hematite, hydromica, chlorite, fluorite, and pyrite; the post-ore minerals include quartz, calcite, fluorite, pyrite, and hematite. The fluid inclusions of the early syn-ore stage characteristically contain O₂, and those of the late syn-ore and post-ore stage contain H₂ and CH₄. The fluid inclusions in quartz of the syn-ore stage include H₂O, H₂O–CO₂, and CO₂ types, and they occur in clusters or along trails. Homogenization temperatures (T_h) for the H₂O–CO₂ and two-phase H₂O inclusions range from 106 °C to >350 °C and cluster in two distinct groups for each type; salinities are lower than 10 wt% NaCl equiv. The ore-forming fluids underwent CO₂ effervescence or phase separation at ∼250 °C under a pressure of 1000–1100 bar. The U/Th values of the altered granites are lowest close to the ore, increase outwards, but subsequently decrease close to unaltered granites. From the unaltered granites to the ore, the lowest Fe₂O₃/FeO values become lower and the highest values higher. The REE patterns of the altered granites and the ores are similar to each other. The U contents of the ores show a positive correlation with total REE contents but a negative correlation with LREE/HREE ratios, indicating the pitchblende is REE-bearing and selectively HREE-rich. The δEu values of the ore show a positive correlation with U contents, indicating the early syn-ore fluids were oxidizing. The δCe values show a negative correlation, indicating the later mineralization environment became reducing. The water–rock interactions of the early syn-ore stage resulted in oxidization of altered granites and reduction of the ore-forming fluids, and it was this reduction that led to the uranium mineralization. During alteration in the early syn-ore stage, the oxidizing fluids leached uranium from granites close to faults, and Fe₂O₃/FeO ratios increased in the alteration zones. The late syn-ore and post-ore alteration decreased the Fe₂O₃/FeO ratios in the alteration zones. The δ¹⁸O_W–SMOW values of the ore-forming fluids range from −1.8‰ to 5.4‰, and the δD_W–SMOW values range from −104.4‰ to −51.6‰, suggesting meteoric water. The meteoric water underwent at least two stages of water–rock interaction: the first caused the fluids to become uranium-bearing, and the second stage, which was primarily associated with ore-bearing faults, led to uranium deposition as pitchblende, accompanied by CO₂ effervescence.     

长江口水下三角洲表层沉积物有机质分布特征

根据对长江口水下三角洲31个表层样沉积物粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的测定,得出了粒度及有机质的分布特征,利用C/N比分析有机质来源及不同来源的贡献率。研究结果表明: 1)长江口水下三角洲表层沉积物平均粒径介于3~8Φ之间,存在由陆向海变细的趋势; 2)TOC含量在0.1% ~1.2% 之间,平均值为0.52%; TN含量介于0.02% ~0.08% 之间,平均值为0.057% 。TOC和TN含量的分布特征相似,具有自陆向海、由低至高的变化趋势,这主要是受到沉积物粒径的影响,但是TOC在崇明岛东侧和九段沙东侧有两个高值点,可能与人类活动或局地因素有关; 粒度校正之后,TOC含量在0.40% ~1.67% 之间,平均值为0.68%; TN的含量介于0.05% ~0.10% 之间,平均值为0.07% 。TOC含量在近岸地区略高,TN含量是北部地区略高于南部地区,并且TOC和TN都在崇明岛东侧和九段沙东侧有两个高值点; 3)C/N比值在6~16之间,平均值为9.6; 利用C/N比值估算得到的陆源有机碳含量在35% ~90% 之间,平均值为60% 。C/N比和陆源有机碳含量在长江口南支外围邻近海域表层沉积物中较高,表明南支带来了大量的陆源有机质入海,并呈舌状向东北方向凸出; 而在长江北支附近其值相对较低,表明北支径流影响相对减弱,潮流作用相对增强。研究表明,长江南支是主要的陆源有机质入海通道,而进入水下三角洲之后陆源有机碳分布受到了河口混合过程的显著影响。     

电子探针测年方法应用于粤北长江岩体的铀矿物年龄研究

晶质铀矿被认为是花岗岩型铀矿成矿的主要矿源提供者,在评价岩体的含矿性和确定成岩成矿年龄方面有重要意义。长江岩体属于诸广山复式岩体的一部分,是粤北地区重要的产铀花岗岩体,本文利用电子探针对该岩体中的铀矿物进行研究。结果表明:长江岩体中的铀矿物多以充填或被黄铁矿包围的形式存在,或者分布于石英、黑云母、绿泥石等矿物中;铀矿物类型主要有晶质铀矿、沥青铀矿、铀石、铀钍石四种。晶质铀矿/沥青油矿的化学年龄值可分为三组:~155 Ma、~106 Ma和~74 Ma。第一组年龄代表岩体的形成时代,后两组年龄代表铀矿的多期次成矿作用年龄。铀矿物从成岩后到~106 Ma,成分没有发生明显变化,直到~74 Ma后才发生明显的U元素活化、迁移。因此,可以推测长江岩体地区主要的铀矿成矿期应发生在~74 Ma及之后。     

硫酸侵蚀碳酸盐岩对长江河水DIC循环的影响

对长江及其主要支流河水水化学和溶解无机碳（DIC）同位素组成（δ13GDIC）进行了研究。河水阳离子组成以Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋为主,阴离子以HCO3-、SO4^2-为主,水化学组成主要受流域碳酸盐岩矿物的化学侵蚀控制。DIC含量为0．3～2．5mmol／L,从上游到河口逐渐降低。δ13CDIC值为-12．0‰-3．4‰,与DIC含量具有相似的变化趋势。H2CO3溶解碳酸盐岩是控制河水DIC来源及其占δGDIC组成的主要机制。H2SO4溶解碳酸盐岩加剧了流域碳酸盐岩的化学侵蚀,一方面导致了河水的DIC含量增加,另一方面也使河水的δ13GDIC值升高。     

长江流域水资源、灾害及水环境状况初步分析

长江是我国第一、世界第三大河流,发源于青藏高原,全长6300多公里,流域面积180×104km2,占中国陆地面积的1/5。长江及其流域不仅以其不可替代的自然资源优势和其他江河无法比拟的区位优势,在我国国民经济和社会发展中扮演着举足轻重的角色,特别是约占全国的36%、拥有9616×108m3的年径流量(为黄河的20倍),是我国最重要的水源地。这不仅对长江流域资源优势的发挥和缓解我国北方地区日趋严重的水资源短缺问题至关重要,而且对全国的可持续发展也将产生深远影响。然而,在长江流域大规模开发及经济快速发展的同时,人类活动与自然规律的负面效应相互叠加,导致了流域环境的生态调节和自我恢复功能大幅降低,引起了日趋严重的水环境退化、洪涝灾害威胁加剧等问题。文章首先对长江流域水资源的重要性及其作用做了分析,肯定了其丰富的资源和重要的战略地位,该流域在占全国不足18%的土地上,集中了40%以上的人口及国民生产总值,而且其经济地位有进一步上升的趋势,在水量及水能的蕴藏上,全流域湖泊面积达10323km2,占我国淡水湖泊总面积的37.2%,水能蕴藏总计达2.7×108kW。另外,对长江流域日趋严重灾害及水环境问题做了探讨,尤其中游的洪水、淤积以及随着经济发     

长江三角洲水环境水资源研究

长江三角洲包括三角洲平原及周边丘陵山地,天然的水环境良好,多年平均当地水资源量为537.79×108m3,长江干流多年平均过境水量9730×108m3,水资源丰富。目前,长江总体水质尚好,主泓水质多为Ⅱ类,沿岸部分具有Ⅲ类水。太湖是上海、苏州、无锡的主要饮用水源,但水质一直在下降,总体为Ⅲ类水(占70%),Ⅱ类水仅占15%,其他河道、小湖泊均为Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水。钱塘江水系以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水为主。京杭运河为Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类水。随着人口增加、城镇扩展和乡镇企业快速发展,水环境污染日趋严重,清洁淡水水源日益缩减。长江三角洲平原地区出现水质性缺水,浙东宁波舟山主要是缺乏工程调剂用水。文章建议:1)应用GIS技术,作流域性水环境水资源模型,以解决平原水网区水质、水量的调控、决策和管理;2)浙东缺水区需从全省范围规划建设大区域水利工程,解决供水,避免各县市单独、分散局部规划建设;3)三角洲的洪涝灾害主要是不合理开发引起的。建议按水系自然规律整治河道,去除障碍,减少淤积,降低水位,让洪水流量有畅通去路,同时配合非工程防洪措施以综合防治洪水灾害。长江三角洲由于水环境污染造成的水质性缺水提供了人们研究人和自然环境和谐地相关发展的一个最好例证。     

Modeling on adsorption–desorption of trace metals to suspended particle matter in the Changjiang Estuary

The uptake and release of trace metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Co) in estuaries are studied using river and sea end-member waters and suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from the Changjiang Estuary, China. The kinetics of adsorption and desorption were studied in terms of environmental factors (pH, SPM loading, and salinity) and metal concentrations. The uptake of the metals studied onto SPM occurred mostly within 10 h and reached an asymptotic value within 40 h in the Changjiang Estuary. As low pH river water flows into the high pH seawater and the water become more alkaline as it approaches to the seaside of estuary, metals adsorb more on SPM in higher pH water, thus, particulate phase transport of metal become increasingly important in the seaward side of the estuary. The percentage of adsorption recovery and the distribution coefficients for trace metals remained to be relatively invariable and a significant reduction only occurred in very high concentrations of metals (>0.1 mg L⁻¹). The general effect of salinity on metal behavior was to decrease the degree of adsorption of Cu, Zn, Cd, Co, and Ni onto SPM but to increase their adsorption equilibrium pH. The adsorption–desorption kinetics of trace metals were further investigated using Kurbatov adsorption model. The model appears to be most useful for the metals showing the conservative behavior during mixing of river and seawater in the estuary. Our work demonstrates that dissolved concentration of trace metals in estuary can be modeled based on the metal concentration in SPM, pH and salinity using a Kurbatov adsorption model assuming the natural SPM as a simple surfaced molecule.     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物铅污染记录——以洪湖、固城湖和太湖为例

2002～2005年在长江中下游的洪湖、固城湖和太湖分别采集了沉积物柱样钻孔,测定了总有机碳（TOC）和金属元素包括Pb,Al,Fe,Ti等,并采用210Pb和137Cs进行了近代沉积物定年。研究结果表明,洪湖钻孔平均沉积速率为0.15cm/a,固城湖平均沉积速率在0.067cm/a,太湖平均沉积速率为0.35～0.41cm/a。根据湖泊沉积物中铅元素与参考元素（Al,Fe和Ti）浓度和TOC的相关关系建立了回归方程,线性关系极显著（p<0.001）。根据回归方程获取了钻孔中铅的背景值变化,研究表明近代沉积物中金属铅不仅仅来源于自然的作用,而人类活动导致铅的累积发生时间都在20世纪70年代,从一个侧面也说明利用沉积物铅含量变化进行断代存在可能性。对太湖钻孔而言,其污染程度要高于洪湖和固城湖。研究结果表明近30年来洪湖和固城湖人为造成湖泊沉积物铅累积量在不断增加,其沉积物铅污染有进一步加重的趋势,应受到科学家和管理部门的关注。