国外海相油气田勘探实例之三美国得克萨斯州法尔韦油田

美国法尔韦油田位于东得克萨斯盆地中心附近。油田发现于1960年,同年投入生产。原始地质储量为4亿桶,至2003年累计产油2.17亿桶。原油具挥发性,接近饱和。主要储层为下白垩统James组礁石灰岩,主要为骨架粒状灰岩/泥粒灰岩和富含双壳类粒泥状灰岩,各岩相的平均孔隙度一般在7%～11%,但平均渗透率在各岩相中不均,最高达(37～44)×10-3"m2。介绍了该油田的勘探史,描述了盆地构造演化史、含油气系统、地层沉积相和储层特征。     

The thermal maturity of sedimentary basins as revealed by magnetic mineralogy

The thermal evolution of sedimentary basins is usually constrained by maturity data, which is interpreted from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance analytical results on field or boreholes samples. However, some thermal evolution models may be inaccurate due to the use of elevated maturities measured in samples collected within an undetected metamorphic contact aureole surrounding a magmatic intrusion. In this context, we investigate the maturity and magnetic mineralogy of 16 claystone samples from Disko-Svartenhuk Basin, part of the SE Baffin Bay volcanic margin. Samples were collected within thermal contact metamorphic aureoles near magma intrusions, as well as equivalent reference samples not affected by intrusions. Rock-Eval pyrolysis (T_max), and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) analysis were performed to assess the thermal maturity, which lies in the oil window when 435°C ≤ T_max ≤ 470°C and 0.6%–0.7% ≤ Ro ≤ 1.3%. In addition, we performed low- (<300K) and high-temperature (>300K) investigations of isothermal remanent magnetization to assess the magnetic mineralogy of the selected samples. The maturity results (0.37% ≤ Ro ≤ 2%, 22°C ≤ T_max ≤ 604°C) show a predominance of immature to early mature Type III organic matter, but do not reliably identify the contact aureole when compared to the reference samples. The magnetic assemblage of the immature samples consists of iron sulphide (greigite), goethite and oxidized or non-stoichiometric magnetite. The magnetic assemblage of the early mature to mature samples consists of stoichiometric magnetite and fine-grained pyrrhotite (<1 μm). These results document the disappearance of the iron sulphide (greigite) and increase in content of magnetite during normal burial. On the other hand, magnetite is interpreted to be the dominant magnetic mineral inside the contact aureole surrounding dyke/sill intrusions where palaeotemperatures indicate mature to over-mature state. Interestingly, the iron sulphide (greigite) is still detected in the contact aureole where palaeotemperatures exceeded 130°C. Therefore, the magnetic mineralogy is a sensitive method that can characterize normal burial history, as well as identify hidden metamorphic contact aureoles where the iron sulphide greigite is present at temperatures beyond its stability field.     

降雨量、土壤蓄水量对流动沙地土壤水分深层渗漏的影响

土壤水分深层渗漏是陆地近地层水分循环的重要环节。利用土壤水分深层渗漏记录仪对毛乌素沙地典型流动沙丘不同深度土层的土壤渗漏水量连续进行两年定点监测。结果表明：（1）2016年生长季（4月1日至10月31日）降水量为2017年的1.93倍,但50、100、200 cm沙层的渗漏水量分别是2017年同期的4.53、5.53,5.22倍。同时,渗漏水量与降雨量及土壤蓄水量的波峰较一致。（2）强降雨对深层渗漏水量的影响较大,土壤蓄水量的变化也与深层渗漏水量密切相关;降雨量较小时,土壤蓄水量与深层渗漏水量之间的关系更为密切。在连续降雨过程中,越往深处,渗漏的产生通常是多次降雨过程累积的结果,将土壤蓄水量作为中间变量,能更好地分析土壤深层渗漏过程。（3）当天蓄水量与次日渗漏水量的相关系数较高,土层越深,深层渗漏水量与土壤蓄水量的相关系数增加,二者之间的线性拟合的R²也相应增加。     

Current-induced scour beneath initially elevated subsea pipelines

When a subsea pipeline is laid on an uneven seabed, certain sections may have an initial elevation with respect to the far-field seabed, e_o, and thus potentially affecting the on-bottom stability of the pipeline. This paper focuses on quantifying the effects of the upstream dimensionless seabed shear stress, θ_∞, and Reynolds number, Re, on: (1) the maximum dimensionless seabed shear stress beneath the pipe, θ_max, to be compared to the critical shear stress in order to determine whether scour would occur and progress towards an equilibrium state; and, (2) the dimensionless equilibrium scour depth beneath the pipe, S_eq/D. Using a 2-D Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach along with the k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model, a parametric study involving 243 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations was conducted. The simulation results were used to develop a closed-form equation for the prediction of θ_max. Subsequently, experimental measurements of S_eq/D have been compiled from published literature, to develop a new closed-form equation for the prediction of S_eq/D with a high correlation to the experimental data. In summary, we present two closed-form equations for the prediction of θ_max and S_eq/D for pipelines with an initial e_o/D, which are applicable for both clear-water and live-bed conditions. The effects of θ_∞ and Re have been included, albeit Re having a small influence as compared to the other parameters.     

深反射地震成像揭示的班公湖 怒江缝合带中段Moho断阶及其大地构造意义

揭示班公湖- 怒江(班怒)缝合带Moho(莫霍面)结构对于认识中特提斯洋壳俯冲和南羌塘坳陷成因具有重要地球动力学意义。基于横跨班怒缝合带的深反射地震数据(88°30′E),本文采用了中长波长静校正、噪声压制、优化叠加和叠前深度偏移(PSDM)等地震处理技术,获得了深度域地震反射偏移剖面、层速度场和高分辨率Moho结构。由深度域剖面显示,班怒缝合带Moho位于地表以下65～80 km,呈不连续北向抬升趋势,指示在拉萨地块与南羌塘地块之间存在岩石圈上地幔断阶,最大阶步可达15 km。综合分析缝合带两侧的Moho形态认为,这些断阶受南侧拉萨地体的岩石圈上地幔以19. 5°北倾俯冲与北侧南羌塘地块的上地壳抬升驱动,可能与深部存在局部熔融相关。班怒缝合带下的Moho结构表明,随着晚侏罗世—早白垩世中特提斯洋闭合,南羌塘地体由边缘海沉积向前陆盆地转换,形成南羌塘坳陷。     

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Sedimentary facies,production rates and facies models for recent coralline algal gravels,Co. Galway,Ireland

Five sedimentary facies are described from SCUBA diving examination and sampling of Mannin Bay, Ireland. A Bank facies is built up by the unattached coralline algae Lithothamnium corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum. This autochthonous facies occurs in shallow sheltered environments. In exposed areas a rippled Clean Algal Gravel facies is found composed of coralline and molluscan debris. In intermediate energy areas a Muddy Algal Gravel facies is found with small amounts of live corallines. Sheltered creeks have a Mud facies which is partly carbonate and partly terrigenous. The shallow water coralline algal sediments are overlapped by a Fine Sand facies of mixed biogenic composition. Each facies is characterized by particular phenotypic growth forms of the unattached corallines. Rates of organic calcium carbonate production are obtained which are found to be similar to rates from shallow tropical non-reef environments. The carbonate sediments of Mannin Bay are compared with similar sediments from Kilkerrin Bay. Ireland, from Brittany and from Falmouth Harbour. From these comparisons, facies models are proposed for these carbonate sediments. The major factor controlling facies distribution is coastal morphology. The present day shelf is considered to be too exposed to preserve complete sequences of the shallow water sediments.     

从成矿构造动力学探讨脉状金矿床成矿深度

在综述国内外与韧性剪切带有关的脉状金矿床成矿动力学的新近研究成果后,根据成矿控矿构造动力学特征及其与成矿流体运移机制、矿物结晶特点的关系认为矿物结晶发生于地震微破裂导致成矿流体压力骤降后的低压力阶段,由矿物包裹体压力并按静岩压力梯度推算的成矿深度要明显小于矿床的实际成矿深度.本文提出一种新的成矿深度估算方法,其估算的成矿深度与目前大多数脉状金矿床中石英具有明显的韧性变形的特点相吻合.     

稳态瑞利波勘探的探测深度及影响因素分析

稳态瑞利波勘探所能达到的勘探深度是众多使用者越来越关心的话题。作者依据瑞利波勘探的基本原理和多年的实践经验,对影响勘探深度的各种因素,包括岩层的平均速度vR、使用的最低频率fmin、震源能量、各种地质因素、耦合因素等一一作了分析,并列举了多种条件下勘探深度的实际数据。指出综合运用合理参数,进一步提高对小异常的识别能力,有可能在目前基础上把瑞利波方法的勘探深度再提高一步。