The Subtropical Convergence east of New Zealand

Hydrographic data from the region of the Subtropical Convergence east of New Zealand between 177°E and 179°E show that in spring the convergence occurs near the Chatham Rise. North of the Chatham Rise the structure is fairly regular with isolines of temperature and salinity sloping upwards towards the south. To the south of the Chatham Rise the structure is more complex with an apparent intrusion of Subtropical Water into the Sub‐antarctic Water below depths of about 150 m.     

Abundance and distribution of avian and marine mammal predators of sardine observed during the 2005 KwaZulu-Natal sardine run survey

Opportunistic observations to determine the relative abundance and distribution of marine mammal and seabird predators of sardine Sardinops sagax were carried out during a dedicated multidisciplinary research survey off the South African east coast in June and July of 2005 that was timed to coincide with the annual sardine run. Associations between different predator species, between predators and clupeoids, and between predators and oceanographic variables, were examined. Species’ distributions were primarily separated by latitude and distance from shore. Bryde's whale Balaenoptera edeni, African penguin Spheniscus demersus, Cape cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis and West Coast round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi were predominantly found in the cool southern part of the survey region. Peak sardine run activity occurred within 4 km of shore at the northward limit of a strip of cool water (<21 °C) stretching along the East Coast. The principal predators associated with this activity were common dolphins Delphinus capensis and Cape gannets Morus capensis, and their nearshore distribution was associated with sardine and East Coast round herring E. teres. Few clupeoids were encountered along the KwaZulu-Natal continental shelf, although patches of high sardine abundance were recorded near the shore immediately south of Durban. It is clear that during the 2005 survey the sardine run terminated in this region, probably as a result of the nearshore intrusion of warm water from the Agulhas Current.     

高温高压改色处理Ⅰa型褐色钻石的光谱鉴定特征

Ⅱa型钻石的高温高压改色及褪色研究已开展了大量工作,然而对Ⅰa型Cape系列褐色钻石在高温高压处理条件下的行为尚不明确。为解析实验室钻石鉴定工作中遇到的黄色钻石颜色成因问题,本文选取了Ⅰa型Cape系列褐色钻石作为研究对象,进行高温高压改色处理实验,并对处理前后的样品的紫外可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱以及光致发光光谱等谱学特征进行对比分析。结果表明:经高温高压改色处理后,钻石颜色由灰褐色变为褐黄色,钻石的紫外可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱和光致发光光谱也发生了很大改变。经处理的褐色钻石,其紫外可见吸收光谱中除原有的415nm和477nm吸收外,还产生503.2nm吸收,同时550nm至短波的吸收增强,钻石因此由原来的灰褐色变为褐黄色;红外吸收光谱中,1498、1520、1547cm~(-1)三个峰变为一个以1498cm~(-1)为中心的吸收宽峰;光致发光光谱中,产生了明显的H3(503.2nm)以及H2(986.2nm)缺陷。本研究获得的光谱变化特征为准确鉴定高温高压改色处理的Cape型钻石提供了依据,也为更好地理解晶格中氮、氢等相关的格子缺陷在高温高压条件下的变化机理提供了实验数据和分析。