两广地区自然硫释放量的研究

全球和区域大气环境研究的重要任务之一是查明各种气态物质自然源释放通量,含硫化合物是其中的一种,它在阐明生物圈硫循环和环境酸化中起重要作用.迄今为止,我国尚无有关研究报道.本文参考文献资料和实测数据用类比法进行了我国两广地区自然源硫化物释放量的计算.结果表明,天然源硫化物中主要是来自树木和土壤,释放的硫化物为COS(49％),DMS(32％)和H_2S(14％).两广地区全年自然源硫释放量3325吨(以硫计).     

Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology

This overview compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic emissions of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and acids. We discuss VOC biosynthesis, emission inventories, relations between emission and plant physiology as well as temperature and radiation, and ecophysiological functions. For isoprene and monoterpenes, an extended summary of standard emission factors, with data related to the plant genus and species, is included. The data compilation shows that we have quite a substantial knowledge of the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes, including emission rates, emission regulation, and biosynthesis. The situation is worse in the case of numerous other compounds (other VOCs or OVOCs) being emitted by the biosphere. This is reflected in the insufficient knowledge of emission rates and biological functions. Except for the terpenoids, only a limited number of studies of OVOCs are available; data are summarized for alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, acids, and esters. In addition to closing these gaps of knowledge, one of the major objectives for future VOC research is improving our knowledge of the fate of organic carbon in the atmosphere, ending up in oxidation products and/or as aerosol particles.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄河河口段水中全氟化合物的初步研究

以近年来备受关注的持久性有机污染物———全氟化合物为研究目标物,黄河河口段为目标研究区域,应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄河河口段河水、自来水和浅层地下水中的19种全氟化合物含量,描述研究该区域水体中全氟化合物的污染水平和分布规律,并探讨水体中全氟化合物的来源。结果表明,全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸是黄河河口段水体中最主要的全氟化合物,黄河水中的全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸浓度分别为1.61～4.20ng/L和2.04～3.36 ng/L。浅层地下水中各待测物检出率都很低;自来水中全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸的浓度分别为1.62～3.24 ng/L和4.66～9.34 ng/L;自来水与黄河水中全氟化合物的组成特征明显不同。东营地区黄河水中全氟辛烷磺酸的浓度与国内其他北方城市相比浓度相当,明显低于长江水和珠三角地表水;全氟辛酸的浓度与呼和浩特市周边河水以及北京官厅水库中浓度相当,相比国内其他地区处于较低水平。     

水氯镁石-石灰乳沉淀法制备氢氧化镁工艺优化

就石灰乳-水氯镁石沉淀法制备氢氧化镁工艺进行了总结,在前人研究工作的基础上,探讨了沉淀反应温度、晶种添加量、沉淀反应搅拌速度等工艺条件对氢氧化镁沉淀品质及性能的影响,给出了试验结果;并对已有工艺条件进行了优化,使得到的氢氧化镁具有较好的粒度和纯度,改进后的工艺有较好的工业前景和利用价值。     

A comparison between natural and anthropogenic emissions of the reduced sulfur compounds H2S, COS, and CS2 in a tropical industrialized region

Extensive ambient concentration and flux measurements have been performed in the heavily polluted region of Cubatão/Brazil. Substantial contribution of anthropogenic sources to the local reduced sulfur burden has been observed. As a result of this atmospheric sulfur burden average gas exchange between vegetated soils and the atmosphere shows net deposition. Based mainly on own field measurements a local budget for H₂S, COS, and CS₂ has been made up in order to calculate anthropogenic emissions. All major sources and sinks in the chosen atmospheric reservoir (24×20×1 km) have been taken into account. Due to the small reservoir size fluxes across its boundaries are dominant sources and sinks. The differences between outflux and influx therefore account for the unknown anthropogenic emissions which have been determined to be 80±10 (H₂S), 66±15 (COS), and 29±6 Mmol year^-1 (CS₂). Other sources and sinks like natural emissions, chemical conversion, and dry deposition turned out to be of minor importance on a local scale. In fact, inside the investigated reservoir natural emissions were below 0.5% of anthropogenic emissions. Anthropogenic emissions of H₂S, COS, and CS₂ quantified in this work have been compared with global emission estimates for these compounds made by other authors. We conclude that global anthropogenic emissions of reduced sulfur compounds especially of COS and CS₂ are currently under-estimated.     

Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordinance compounds in marine sediments and porewaters

Toxicological and chemical studies were performed with a silty and a sandy marine sediment spiked with 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), or 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid). Whole sediment toxicity was analyzed by the 10-day survival test with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita, and porewater toxicity tests assessed macro-algae (Ulva fasciata) zoospore germination and germling growth, sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) embryological development, and polychaete (Dinophilus gyrociliatus) survival and reproduction. Whole sediments spiked with 2,6-DNT were not toxic to amphipods. The fine-grained sediment spiked with tetryl was also not acutely toxic. The tetryl and picric acid LC50 values in the sandy sediment were 3.24 and 144 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The fine-grained sediment spiked with picric acid generated a U-shaped concentration-response curve in the amphipod test, with increased survival both in the lowest and highest concentration. Grain-size distribution and organic carbon content strongly influenced the behavior of ordnance compounds in spiked sediments. Very low concentrations were measured in some of the treatments and irreversible binding and biodegradation are suggested as the processes responsible for the low measurements. Porewater toxicity varied with its sedimentary origin and with ordnance compound. The sea urchin embryological development test tended to be the least sensitive. Tetryl was the most toxic chemical in all porewater tests, and picric acid the least toxic. Samples spiked with 2,6-DNT contained a degradation product identified as 2-methyl-3-nitroaniline (also known as 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene), and unidentified peaks, possibly degradation products, were also seen in some of the picric acid- and tetryl-spiked samples. Degradation products may have played a role in observed toxicity.     

Specific accumulation and temporal trends of organochlorine contaminants in Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) from Japanese coastal waters

Organochlorine compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane related compounds, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), tris(4-chlorophenyl) methane (TCPMe) and tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol were determined in the blubber of Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) collected from Japanese coastal waters in 1998/1999. Among OCs analyzed, PCBs were the predominant contaminants with concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 39 microg/g on a wet weight basis. OCs concentrations were relatively low and less variable in mature females possibly due to the lactational excretion from their bodies, while in males the concentrations were increased with body length. Concentrations and compositions of DDTs and HCHs showed significant differences between the truei-type population off the Pacific coast of northern Japan and dalli-type from the Sea of Japan/Okhotsk, suggesting its usefulness to discriminate different populations. OCs levels detected in truei-type porpoises collected in 1998/1999 were lower than those collected in 1984, except TCPMe. On the other hand, except DDTs, the residue levels of other organochlorines in dalli-type porpoises showed no significant decrease since 1984.     

Organochlorine contamination (PCBs, DDTs, HCB, HCHs) in sediments from Cienfuegos bay, Cuba

The spatial distribution of various organochlorinated compounds, e.g. PCBs, DDTs, HCB and HCHs, were investigated in sediments from Cienfuegos bay, Cuba. Their concentrations appeared to be relatively low by global standards and only sediments receiving the impact from the residual waters of the city and thermoelectrical power approached the sediment quality guidelines for PCBs and DDTs. Relatively higher ΣDDT concentrations and high DDT/DDE + DDD ratios in two sites near the outfalls of the city indicated a current DDT usage, probably linked to public health emergencies. These results contribute to the sparse regional database for organochlorinated compounds in the Caribbean marine environment.