Hydrothermally induced diagenesis: Evidence from shallow marine-deltaic sediments,Wilhelmøya,Svalbard

Sedimentary basins containing igneous intrusions within sedimentary reservoir units represent an important risk in petroleum exploration. The Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic sediments at Wilhelm?ya(Svalbard) contains reservoir heterogeneity as a result of sill emplacement and represent a unique case study to better understand the effect of magmatic intrusions on the general burial diagenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Sills develop contact metamorphic aureoles by conduction as presented in many earlier studies. However, there is significant impact of localized hydrothermal circulation systems affecting reservoir sediments at considerable distance from the sill intrusions. Dolerite sill intrusions in the studied area are of limited vertical extent(～12 m thick), but created localized hydrothermal convection cells affecting sediments at considerable distance(more than five times the thickness of the sill)from the intrusions. We present evidence that the sedimentary sequence can be divided into two units:(1) the bulk poorly lithified sediment with a maximum burial temperature much lower than 60-70 ℃,and(2) thinner intervals outside the contact zone that have experienced hydrothermal temperatures(around 140 ℃). The main diagenetic alteration associated with normal burial diagenesis is minor mechanical plastic deformation of ductile grains such as mica. Mineral grain contacts show no evidence of pressure dissolution and the vitrinite reflectance suggests a maximum temperature of ～40 ℃. Contrary to this, part of the sediment, preferentially along calcite cemented flow baffles, show evidence of hydrothermal alteration. These hydrothermally altered sediment sections are characterized by recrystallized carbonate cemented intervals. Further, the hydrothermal solutions have resulted in localized sericitization(illitization) of feldspars, albitization of both K-feldspar and plagioclase and the formation of fibrous illite nucleated on kaolinite. These observations suggest hydrothermal alteration at T 120-140 ℃ at distances considerably further away than expected from sill heat dissipation by conduction only, which commonly affect sediments about twice the thickness of the sill intrusion. We propose that carbonate-cemented sections acted as flow baffles already during the hydrothermal fluid mobility and controlled the migration pathways of the buoyant hot fluids. Significant hydrothermally induced diagenetic alterations affecting the porosity and hence reservoir quality was not noted in the noncarbonate-cemented reservoir intervals.     

塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩埋藏溶蚀特征及初步预测

塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩发育多种形式岩溶作用,其中埋藏溶蚀是形成有利储层的重要机制之一.录井岩心分析化验资料及宏观地质背景分析表明,塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩主要发育4期埋藏溶蚀,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ期溶蚀孔洞基本已被充填,Ⅲ期残留部分孔隙和Ⅳ期溶蚀孔洞为现今储层有效储集空间.上奥陶统良里塔格组现今未被充填的粒内溶孔及铸模孔可能主要形成于埋藏溶蚀,并非准同生溶蚀.埋藏溶蚀发生的流体介质主要为有机质演化过程中形成的有机酸和CO2,在更深部或经历更高热史经历的区域,H2S对储层的形成可能会有较大贡献,热水-热液溶蚀对储集空间贡献有限.初步分析表明,卡塔克隆起西北部埋藏溶蚀孔隙较发育,塔中南部台地边缘带可能是埋藏溶蚀另一相对较发育地区.     

贝尔凹陷贝中次凹南屯组一段储层特征研究

利用钻井岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及地球化学等分析资料对贝中次凹南屯组一段储层发育特征进行了系统的研究.结果表明:贝中次凹南屯组一段属于中低孔一低渗、特低渗储层,岩性以长石岩屑砂岩和长石砂岩为主,成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低,储层的储集空间主要为次生孔隙.沉积环境、有机质演化中产生的有机酸、烃源岩与储层的组合关系以及碳酸...     

Interaction of calcium dioleate collector colloids with calcite and fluorite surfaces as revealed by AFM force measurements and molecular dynamics simulation

Spherical calcium dioleate particles (∼ 10 μm in diameter) were used as AFM (atomic force microscope) probes to measure interaction forces of the collector colloid with calcite and fluorite surfaces. The attractive AFM force between the calcium dioleate sphere and the fluorite surface is strong and has a longer range than the DLVO (Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek) prediction. The repulsive AFM force between the calcium dioleate sphere and the fluorite surface does not agree with the DLVO prediction. Consideration of non-DLVO forces, including the attractive hydrophobic force, was necessary to explain the experimental results. The non-DLVO interactions considered were justified by the different interfacial water structures at fluorite– and calcite–water interfaces as revealed by the numerical computation experiments using molecular dynamics simulation. The density of interfacial water at the fluorite surface is low and the fluorite surface is not strongly wetted by water molecules. In contrast to the water at the fluorite surface, water molecules at the calcite surface form tightly packed monolayer structures and the calcite surface is extensively hydrated by water molecules. The interfacial water structure agrees with the AFM force measurements and the flotation recovery data. The strong attraction between the calcium dioleate colloid and the fluorite surface, and the moderately wetted fluorite surface by water molecules explain the better flotation response of fluorite with the oleate collector colloid.     

孔隙铸模法在碳酸盐岩孔隙结构微观实验研究中的应用

联合使用扫描电镜、超长焦距连续变焦视频显微镜以及偏光显微镜等微观实验研究仪器设备,并结合相应样品的压汞资料分析,应用孔隙铸模法研究了川南—黔北地区下三叠统嘉陵江组几种代表性碳酸盐岩的孔隙微观结构。孔隙类型主要有残余粒间孔、扩溶粒间孔、粒内溶蚀孔、晶间孔,形状主要有规则近等轴状、三角形或多边形、星点状以及"Y"状等,以片状、弯片状喉道为主。孔隙密集分布的区域呈"斑点"状出现,"斑点"之间缺少喉道连通,彼此呈"孤岛"状出现。不同沉积成岩环境中形成的岩石孔隙结构具有明显差异。     

川北地区下三叠统飞仙关组优质鲕滩储层成岩演化序列

早三叠世飞仙关期,川北地区为台地与海槽相间的沉积格局,在两者的转换地带,发育了大套台地边缘碳酸盐鲕粒滩。该套储层经历的破坏性成岩作用类型主要有压实、压溶作用和胶结作用,建设性成岩作用主要有泥晶化作用、新生变形及重结晶作用、白云石化作用和溶蚀作用。讨论了各种成岩作用的主要特征及对储层的影响。结合成岩阶段划分,建立了该储层的成岩序列。胶结作用可分为三期,对储层的破坏作用非常强,尤其是第二期胶结作用以后,残存下来的孔隙降至5%左右。白云石化作用主要有混合水白云石化和埋藏白云石化,它不仅将岩石孔隙度提高了5%左右,更重要的是在白云岩中形成了较多的晶间孔,为后期埋藏溶蚀作用创造了施展空间。埋藏溶蚀作用使白云岩中的晶间孔溶蚀扩大,形成晶间溶孔,这是优质白云岩储层形成的必要条件,它可将孔隙度再提高5%～20%左右。     

铀系方法测定海洋中不纯碳酸盐的年龄

应用铀系方法两组分混合线模式测定了海洋表层不纯碳酸盐样品的年龄。分析结果表明,所有数据点有良好的线性关系。这说明在稀酸溶解过程中没有发生铀和钍的分馏效应,明显的线性关系反映年龄的含意。然而用此方法给出的年龄值和~(14)C方法给出的值相差甚远。这是两种方法本身的假定前提不符?或是实验技术方面的失误?还是样品定年的适应性问题?尚待深入研究。     

Thérèse Mound: a case study of coral bank development in the Belgica Mound Province,Porcupine Seabight

High-resolution seismic profiles, swath bathymetry, side-scan sonar data and video imageries are analysed in this detailed study of five carbonate mounds from the Belgica mound province with special emphasis on the well-surveyed Thérèse Mound. The selected mounds are located in the deepest part of the Belgica mound province at water depths of 950 m. Seismic data illustrate that the underlying geology is characterised by drift sedimentation in a general northerly flowing current regime. Sigmoidal sediment bodies create local slope breaks on the most recent local erosional surface, which act as the mound base. No preferential mound substratum is observed, neither is there any indication for deep geological controls on coral bank development. Seismic evidence suggests that the start-up of the coral bank development was shortly after a major erosional event of Late Pliocene–Quaternary age. The coral bank geometry has been clearly affected by the local topography of this erosional base and the prevailing current regime. The summits of the coral banks are relatively flat and the flanks are steepest on their upper slopes. Deposition of the encased drift sequence has been influenced by the coral bank topography. Sediment waves are formed besides the coral banks and are the most pronounced bedforms. These seabed structures are probably induced by bottom current up to 1 m/s. Large sediment waves are colonised by living corals and might represent the initial phase of coral bank development. The biological facies distribution of the coral banks illustrate a living coral cap on the summit and upper slope and a decline of living coral populations toward the lower flanks. The data suggest that the development of the coral banks in this area is clearly an interaction between biological growth processes and drift deposition both influenced by the local topography and current regime.     

Chemical mass balance of calcrete genesis on the Toledo granite (Spain)

The chemical mass balance of calcrete genesis is studied on a typical sequence developed in granite, in the Toledo mountains, Central Spain.

Field evidence and petrographic observations indicate that the texture and the bulk volume of the parent rock are strictly preserved all along the studied calcrete profile.

Microscopic observations indicate that the calcitization process starts within the saprolite, superimposed on the usual mechanisms of granite weathering: the fresh rock is first weathered to secondary clays, mainly smectites, which are then pseudomorphically replaced by calcite. Based on this evidence, chemical mass transfers are calculated, assuming iso-volume transformation from the parent rock to the calcrete.

The mass balance results show the increasing loss of matter due to weathering of the primary phases, from the saprolite towards the calcrete layers higher in the sequence. Zr, Ti or Th, which are classically considered as immobile during weathering, are also depleted along the profile, especially in the calcrete layer. This results from the prevailing highly alkaline conditions, which could account for the simultaneous precipitation of CaCO₃ and silicate dissolution.

The calculated budget suggests that the elements exported from the weathering profile are provided dominantly by the weathering of plagioclase and biotite. We calculate that 8–42% of the original Ca remains in granitic relics, while only 15% of the authigenic Ca released by weathering is reincorporated in the calcite. This suggests that 373 kg/m² of calcium (i.e., three times the original amount) is imported into the calcrete from allochtonous sources, probably due to aeolian transport from distant limestone formations.     

On facies belts and facies mosaics: Holocene isolated platforms,South China Sea

Although the general criteria for recognition and environmental interpretation of different carbonate facies are well‐established, a predictive understanding of the areal extent and spatial patterning of facies bodies and why they might organize into facies belts or facies mosaics is poorly constrained. To explore patterns and process dynamics of facies on isolated carbonate platforms, quantitative analysis of thematic maps derived from remote sensing images of 27 Holocene atolls of the Paracel and Spratly chains in the South China Sea explores variability within and among platforms. On these systems, most annular shelf‐margin reefs are less than 500 m wide on both chains; inboard of the reefs, reef sand aprons range up to 500 m (Spratlys) and 1000 m (Paracels) wide. Around individual platforms, Spratly Chain sand apron widths are wider to the north‐west, whereas apron widths in the Paracel Chain are more symmetrical; collectively, data indicate log‐normal width‐exceedance probability distributions. Platform‐interior patch reefs include area‐exceedance probability distributions and gap size distributions (lacunarity) consistent within chains, but distinct between the chains. To understand the processes underlying distinct distributions, simulations explored distinct growth scenarios. Results suggest that differences may represent distinct process classes: proportional growth processes with multiplicative random effects (reef sand aprons – belts), versus non‐linear, size‐proportional growth of randomly aged and distributed elements (patch reefs – mosaics). The probabilistically distinct sizes and spatial patterns of geomorphic elements within these general process classes are interpreted to represent ‘variations on themes’ related to the different impacts of tropical storms, winter cold fronts and circulation in each chain. The results highlight fundamentally different growth patterns impacting the sizes and distribution of facies belts and mosaics on isolated carbonate platforms. Because these types of bodies ultimately construct stratigraphy, the themes could be applied to understand and predict variability in the architecture of subsurface reservoir analogues.