Research Progress of Conodont （U-Th）/He Thermochronology

Given the lacking of effective geothermometer， it is difficult to reconstruct the complex thermal evolution history of marine carbonate rocks. It is considered that conodonts widely distributed in Paleozoic strata are suitable for the reconstruction of thermal history of carbonate strata. In this study， we mainly discussed the basic principle and experimental test method of conodont （U-Th）/He thermochronology， and the influencing factors of conodont （U-Th）/He ages. The thermal diffusion experiment reveals that the closure temperature of conodont （U-Th）/He is 60°~70°. Conodont samples have strong inverse relationship between effective uranium concentration and （U-Th）/He data. The main reasons for the open-system behavior in conodont （U-Th）/He are possible U loss during dissolution procedure using formic acid， the fluidity of U and Th elements during diagenesis， excessive initial He， and the non-uniform parent isotope distributions， etc. The higher CAI values the conodonts have， the more brittle the conodonts will become； the possibility of parent isotope loss will increase， and consistently they have older （U-Th）/He dates and substantially more scattered individual dates. Conodont tissue type also affects the parent isotope distribution and element migration of conodonts， and the change of its microstructure leads to the dispersion of conodont （U-Th）/He dates. Finally， we explored the existing problems and put forward the future hot research and development direction of conodont （U-Th）/He thermal dating system， so as to promote the deep development of relative theory and technology of conodont （U-Th）/He thermochronology.     

中甸东炉房金矿床地质新知

中甸县东炉房金矿位于盐源－丽江金矿成矿带，为沿碳酸岩裂隙充填的赤铁矿中的金矿。该矿床找矿标志明显，对贫困高寒山区的找金工作具有借鉴意义。     

碳酸盐岩在全球碳循环过程中的作用

碳酸盐岩是地球上最主要的碳库，开展全球变化研究应重视碳酸盐岩在岩溶作用过程中的地球化学动力学研究。这方面的科学问题有二个。第一是关于全球碳酸盐岩的碳库容量问题，尚须利用全球沉积岩和碳酸盐岩数据库，根据全球地质历史时期碳酸盐岩的分布面积、厚度和岩石成分等进行重新计算。其次是关于碳酸盐岩在岩溶作用过程中对全球碳循环的动力学贡献问题。一方面碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用不仅关系到海洋ＣａＣＯ＿３的供给量而影响海洋中碳通量的平衡，而且还可直接回收大气圈中的ＣＯ＿２；另一方面由于钙华的沉积又可向大气圈释放ＣＯ＿２，而影响温空气体的变化。它们构成了大气温室气体源汇关系中不可忽视的一项。     

A comparative analysis of compositional variations in and between marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts in the South Pacific and their environmental controls

Regional variation of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu in ferromanganese oxides (nodules and crusts) in the central south Pacific is related to primary productivity, oxygen minimum layer, and calcium carbonate compensation depth. The largely latitudinal influence of these environmental parameters on nodule and crust composition reflects their predominantly latitudinal variation. Primary productivity is the principal regional environmental control, influencing diagenetic enrichment of these elements in nodules through its effect, mediated by the CCD, on supply and concentration of labile organic matter vs. carbonate remains to the sediments. It influences hydrogenetic enrichment of these elements in nodules and crusts through its effect, mediated by the oxygen minimum layer (mainly in the case of crusts), on their export from surface waters.The elements’ varying susceptibility to being scavenged or organically bound influences the contrasting composition of diagenetic vs. hydrogenetic ferromanganese oxides, which is further influenced by depth. Hydrogenesis is the fundamental process governing nodule and crust formation, superimposed on which is diagenesis under specific circumstances; both are subject to intermittent interruption, diminution and augmentation by changes in environmental parameters. Application of regionally operative environmental controls locally explains local compositional variations and helps refine exploration criteria for economically viable nodules and crusts.     

由鳕鱼排制备活性钙

为了充分利用鳕鱼排这一丰富的钙资源，本文对干鱼骨粉在不同的酸浓度、温度条件下，用盐酸、乳酸和乙酸提取骨钙的效果进行了研究。结果表明盐酸对鳕鱼鱼骨中钙的提取效果最好，可高达６０％以上；乳酸次之，提取率约为３０％；乙酸的提取率最低。以鱼骨制取的活性钙粉含钙３８．２７％，含磷为１７．７３％，Ｃａ／Ｐ比约为２：１。活性钙粉中Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｅ等微量元素在鱼骨活化处理后有一定的损失。     

二氧化碳含量变化对海水碳酸盐系统的影响 1．大气CO_2含量变化及海水碳酸盐系统缓冲能力探讨

作者根据Ｋｅｅｌｉｎｇ等人提出的１９７０～１９８８年大气ＣＯ２含量随时间变比进行统计，指出大气ＣＯ２含量按指数变化递增。据此．对近年大气ＣＯ２含量进行预测，到２０５０年时将增至４５４×１０－６，较目前增加约３０％。由于大气ＣＯ２分压上升，导致ＣＯ２向海洋转移、作者采用Ｌｉ提出的指数变化模式，以Ｈｏｌｌａｎｄ给出的海水中无机碳逗留时间８．０×１０４年代入计算。到２０５０年时，海水碳酸盐系统仅可容纳来自大气的ＣＯ２１．１×１０１０ｔ。因此必须引起人们控制ＣＯ２向大气的排放。鉴于计算过程中未考虑海水有机生物体的影响及颗粒ＣａＣＯ３对缓冲ＣＯ２所作贡献，因此，实际情况会好于本文计算结果。     

Morphology and environment of cold-water coral carbonate mounds on the NW European margin

Cold-water coral carbonate mounds, owing their presence mainly to the framework building coral Lophelia pertusa and the activity of associated organisms, are common along the European margin with their spatial distribution allowing them to be divided into a number of mound provinces. Variation in mound attributes are explored via a series of case studies on mound provinces that have been the most intensely investigated: Belgica, Hovland, Pelagia, Logachev and Norwegian Mounds. Morphological variation between mound provinces is discussed under the premise that mound morphology is an expression of the environmental conditions under which mounds are initiated and grow. Cold-water coral carbonate mounds can be divided into those exhibiting “inherited” morphologies (where mound morphology reflects the morphology of the colonised features) and “developed” morphology (where the mounds assume their own gross morphology mainly reflecting dominant hydrodynamic controls). Finer-scale, surface morphological features mainly reflecting biological growth forms are also discussed.     

Benthic dynamics at the carbonate mound regions of the Porcupine Sea Bight continental margin

A brief review is given of some dynamical processes that influence the benthic dynamics within the carbonate mound provinces located at the Porcupine Bank/Sea Bight margin, NE Atlantic. The depth range of the mounds in this region (600–1,000 m) marks the upper boundary of the Mediterranean outflow water above which Eastern North Atlantic Water dominates. Both water masses are carried northwards by the eastern boundary slope current. In the benthic boundary layer both the action of internal waves, and other tidal period baroclinic waves, may enhance the bottom currents and add to both the residual and maximum flow strength. Both residual and maximum bottom currents vary at different mound locations, with stronger currents found at Belgica (SE Porcupine Sea Bight) mound and Pelagia (NW Porcupine Bank) mound regions, whilst weakest currents are found at the Hovland and Magellan Mounds at the northern Sea Bight margin. The differences may be attributed to the presence of internal waves (Pelagia) or bottom intensified diurnal waves (Belgica). These different dynamical regimes are likely to have implications for the distribution patterns of live coral at the different locations.     

Environmental changes and growth history of a cold-water carbonate mound (Propeller Mound,Porcupine Seabight)

On- and off-mound sediment cores from Propeller Mound (Hovland Mound province, Porcupine Seabight) were analysed to understand better the evolution of a carbonate mound. The evaluation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the off-mound position helps to determine the changes of the environmental controls on Propeller Mound in glacial and interglacial times. Two different assemblages describe the Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and late MIS 3 (∼31 kyr BP). The different assemblages are related to changes in oceanographic conditions, surface productivity and the waxing and waning of the British Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) during the last glacial stages. The interglacial assemblage is related to a higher supply of organic material and stronger current intensities in water depth of recent coral growth. During the last glaciation the benthic faunas showed high abundances of cassidulinid species, implying cold bottom waters and a reduced availability of organic matter. High sedimentation rates and the domination of Elphidium excavatum point to shelf erosion related to sea-level lowering (∼50 m) and the progradation of the BIIS onto the shelf. A different assemblage described for the on-mound core is dominated by Discanomalina coronata, Gavelinopsis translucens, Planulina ariminensis, Cibicides lobatulus and to a lower degree by Hyrrokkin sarcophaga. These species are only found or show significantly higher relative abundances in on-mound samples and their maximum contribution in the lower part of the record indicates a higher coral growth density on Propeller Mound in an earlier period. They are less abundant during the Holocene, however. This dataset portrays the boundary conditions of the habitable range for the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa, which dominates the deep-water reefal ecosystem on the upper flanks of Propeller Mound. The growth of this ecosystem occurs during interglacial and interstadial periods, whereas a retreat of corals is documented in the absence of glacial sediments on-mound. Glacial conditions with cold intermediate waters, a weak current regime and high sedimentation rates provide an unfavourable environmental setting for Lophelia corals to grow. A Late Pleistocene decrease is observed in the mound growth for Propeller Mound, which might face its complete burial in the future, as it already happened to the buried mounds of the Magellan Mound province further north.     

塔早木盆地牙哈——英买力地区寒武系——奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层成因类型、特征及油气勘探潜力

牙哈——英买力地区是塔北隆起上的主要油气富集区，古潜山风化壳型储层的观点一直主导着该地区寒武系——奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气勘探的思路。但储层精细描述揭示了牙哈——英买力地区除古潜山风化壳型储层外，还发育有暴露浅滩型、层间古岩溶型、白云岩型储层。其中位于古潜山面之下经风化作用改造的白云岩型储层是最有勘探价值的，勘探成功率高。其次是暴露浅滩型储层，油藏类型有早成藏残留型和晚成藏型。暴露浅滩型、层间古岩溶型和白云岩型储层也是很有勘探价值的储层类型。早成藏型原生油气藏，位于寒武系——奥陶系与志留系呈假整合接触的地区，与古潜山无关。古潜山风化壳型储层可以形成晚成藏型油气藏，但目前试油结果均为水层，值得进一步探索。