低温常压条件下NaCl-H_2O体系对铜活化迁移的影响因素Ⅱ:pH值和盐度

文章采用动态模拟实验研究了卤水NaCl-H2O体系不同盐度、酸碱度对砂岩中铜元素的活化迁移作用。结果表明,在常压室温环境下,卤水盐度越高,越有利于含铜砂岩中铜的活化迁移,不同盐度卤水对铜的活化强度表现为w(NaCl)为25%的溶液w(NaCl)为20%的溶液w(NaCl)为10%的溶液w(NaCl)为5%的溶液。酸碱度条件模拟实验,揭示了强酸(pH=0.71)或者强碱(pH=10.28)环境有利于铜的活化迁移,尤其是在强酸(pH=0.71)条件下,可极大增强铜的溶解性,这对于解释蒸发岩盆地含铜卤水的成矿过程具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

长岭凹陷深层天然气藏中CO_2及CH_4充注次序的流体包裹体证据

对长岭凹陷深层天然气藏储层——营城组火山岩中发育的流体包裹体进行了详细研究,结果表明在火山岩发育的石英、方解石细网脉中均存在较多的碳质流体包裹体,单个包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析结果表明其主要为CO2及CH4两种类型的碳质包裹体。其中方解石细网脉体中发育有原生及次生CH4包裹体,而含CO2包裹体多以原生包裹体产于石英细网脉中。很多含CO2包裹体的石英细脉中发现了含CH4包裹体的方解石脉体的角砾,这就表明石英细脉形成晚于方解石细脉。营城组火山岩储层中CO2及CH4包裹体的产状特征研究表明,松辽盆地深层天然气藏的形成系火山岩成岩后CO2及CH4等气体不同期次充注的结果,CH4气的充注时间早于CO2气,火山岩中发育的原生孔隙及次生裂隙为上述气体的充注和聚集提供了重要通道。     

温度、浓度对流体中氟钛络合物水解的影响:对深部地质过程中钛元素活动的制约

Ti是自然界中丰度最高的高场强元素(HFSE),其主要赋存矿物——金红石的溶解度决定了俯冲带HFSE的活动与循环。而富氟流体被认为是影响Ti等HFSE能否活化、迁移的重要因素。本文对不同浓度的氟钛络合物(K2Ti F6)在100MPa压力和200~500℃温度下的稳定性进行了研究,结果显示其在热液条件下发生显著水解,水解程度与温度和初始浓度密切相关,即温度越高、初始浓度越低,则水解程度越剧烈。对实验数据进行拟合,首次获得了K2Ti F6的表观水解常数与温度的关系式:-ln K=(8972±788)/T-(4.16428±1.40362),其中获得的热力学参数为:ΔrHΘ=74.59±6.55k J/mol,ΔrSΘ=34.62±11.67J/(mol·K)。同时,运用上述获得的关系式将温度推广到俯冲带条件,计算了金红石溶解度和流体中Ti的最大迁移量之间的关系。结果显示,当金红石的溶解度大于1000μg/m L时,富F流体能有效迁移的Ti大于1μg/m L;随着金红石溶解度的增加,Ti的有效迁移百分比也逐渐增大,但俯冲流体中Ti的最大迁移量可能不超过6700μg/m L,比之前的预计要低得多。本文的研究证实了富F流体能最大程度活化并迁移Ti等HFSE。其中,对于岩浆-热液体系而言,F主要通过在岩浆中预富集,然后再大量分配进入晚期流体中而形成富F流体;对于俯冲带而言,多硅白云母的脱水或热解是形成富F流体/超临界流体的有效途径。     

沉淀-陈化-返溶作用和压力对热液中氟钛络合物高温水解的影响及地质意义

钛是自然界中最不活泼的金属元素之一,然而越来越多的证据显示钛可以在特定条件下能进入热液流体中发生迁移,其中氟可能在其中扮演着重要的角色。本文研究了300℃和50~400MPa压力条件下氟钛络合物(K2Ti F6)的稳定性以及沉淀-陈化-返溶作用和压力对氟钛络合物水解行为的影响。研究结果显示,氟钛络合物水解的过程中,由于Ti O2沉淀物的陈化作用,在稳定的温度和压力条件下,沉淀物的返溶很难发生;但在缓慢降温和机械性振荡过程中,沉淀物的返溶会明显发生。而且,在温度不变的情况下,压力的改变对K2Ti F6水解并没有显著的影响,显示氟钛络合物不管在高压还是低压环境下均遵循近似的水解规律。本文认为主要的原因在于压力的增高会促进水解反应沉淀物的陈化,进而抑制沉淀物的返溶,但并不破坏水解反应的平衡。最后,本文提出金属络合物的形成-水解-沉淀/返溶-陈化过程是水-岩作用或热液成矿过程中高场强元素活化、迁移和成矿的主要机制。     

川西坳陷什邡地区蓬莱镇组天然气藏特征及成藏过程分析

川西坳陷什邡地区蓬莱镇组气藏属于浅层常规—致密砂岩次生气藏,其形成机制不同于下伏须家河组储层的致密砂岩气。研究区内主要发育岩性圈闭,天然气来自于下伏须家河组煤系烃源岩及部分受到调整和改造的须家河组原生气藏,经长距离运移后在蓬莱镇组圈闭中聚集成藏。气层集中在蓬莱镇组中上部,天然气干燥系数大,以煤型气为主。流体包裹体分析表明,研究区内蓬莱镇组共经历3期热流体活动,前两期分别为液态烃充注及气液混合烃充注,但并未形成规模油藏;第3期为大规模天然气充注,对应成藏时间为晚白垩世晚期至古近纪早期(78~34Ma)。在此基础上,结合地质构造演化、烃源岩生排烃期、储层致密化窗口及生储盖组合特征,确定了蓬莱镇组天然气藏的形成过程及成藏特征:蓬莱镇组下部储层在晚白垩世中期达到致密化,已不利于天然气聚集成藏;喜山运动时期,下伏须家河组气藏受到调整和改造,早期发育的深大断裂得以扩展,大量深部气源沿断层向上运移至蓬莱镇组中上部,形成了浅层次生气藏。     

云南昭通铅锌矿pH-logfo_2和pH-loga相图对铅锌共生分异的制约

云南昭通大型铅锌矿是滇东北矿集区乃至川滇黔铅锌成矿域铅锌矿床的典型代表。矿床具有明显的矿物组合分带性的特点,区别于典型的MVT型铅锌矿床。根据矿物组合特征构建、计算、绘制了该矿床的p H-logfo2、p Hloga相图,剖析了铅锌矿共生分异的形成机理。研究表明p H、氧逸度、组分浓度的协同作用造成了铅、锌的共生分异,对矿物组合分带起控制作用,且温度下降、氧逸度升高和p H升高有利于金属硫化物的沉淀,成功解释了昭通铅锌矿床独具特色的矿物分带地质特征。     

非火山地热区玛旁雍热田土壤CO_2脱气研究

地热活动是地球脱气的重要形式之一,其过程常伴随大量温室气体排放。选取非火山地热区西藏玛旁雍热田作为研究对象,基于菲克扩散定律对地热田区土壤CO_2脱气量进行评估。结果表明:该区一般土壤CO_2脱气通量为0.167~0.771 kg/(m2·a),含喷气孔区域土壤CO_2脱气通量为2.054~7.877 kg/(m2·a),含喷气孔地区的土壤CO_2脱气通量是一般土壤脱气量的18.9倍;与全球火山区土壤脱气量(0.001~2.25 Mt/(m2·a))相比,其值显著偏低;但比青藏高原高寒草原生态系统土壤的CO_2排放量(187.46 g/(m2·a))大。结合区域地质背景推测地热系统中的CO_2含量主要来源于岩浆脱气和热液同长石等围岩矿物的蚀变反应。区内土壤CO_2的低脱气通量受透水性较差的碎屑岩沉积盖层约束。     

大地电磁测深反演技术有效性对比试验

设计了一个简单的三维模型:三维低阻异常体和高阻异常体位于一维层状介质模型中,以"十"字型和"米"字型观测剖面方式作为模拟方式,开展模型一维、二维、三维反演技术有效性对比试验,其中一维反演计算采用自适应正则化(ARIA)反演,二维反演计算采用非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)反演,三维反演计算采用REBOCC三维反演,将剖面下方不同的反演结果与原始模型进行对比分析,发现:在该模型条件下,一维和二维反演都能得到反映模型真实信息的结果,REBOCC三维反演更偏向重建原始模型的宏观电性特征;在一维反演结果中,对于深部的电性结构特征,通常TE极化模式的反演结果好于TM极化模式,TE/TM几何平均值反演结果介于前两者之间;在二维反演结果中,通常TM极化模式的反演结果好于TE极化模式,TE/TM联合模式反演结果与TM极化模型相当,甚至更好;模型REBOCC三维反演相比一维、二维反演更易受反演结果多解性影响,REBOCC三维反演结果偏向重建原始模型的宏观电性特征。     

Raman Micro-Spectroscopic Study of Sulfate Ion in the System Na2SO4 – H2O

This work aims to quantify sulfate ion concentrations in the system Na₂SO₄-H₂O using Raman micro-spectroscopy.Raman spectra of sodium sulfate solutions with known concentrations were collected at ambient temperature（293 K） and in the 500 cm^₁-4000 cm^-1 spectral region.The results indicate that the intensity of the SO₄^2- band increases with increasing concentrations of sulfate ion.A linear correlation was found between the concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and parameter I₁,which represents the ratio of the area of the SO₄^2- band to that of the O-H stretching band of water（A_s/A_w）:I₁=-0.00102+0.01538 c.Furthermore,we deconvoluted the O-H stretching band of water(2800 cm^-1-3800 cm^-1) at 3232 and 3430 cm^-1 into two sub-Gaussian bands,and then defined Raman intensity of the two sub-bands as A_Bi(3232 cm^-1) and A_B2(3430 cm^-1),defined the full width of half maximum（FWHM） of the two sub-bands as W_B1(3232 cm^-1) and W_B2(3430 cm^-1).A linear correlation between the concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and parameter I₂,which represents the ratio of Raman intensity of SO₄^2-（A_s）(in 981 cm^-1) to(A_B1+A_B2),was also established:I₂=-0.0111+0.3653 c.However,no correlations were found between concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and FWHM ratios,which includes the ratio of FWHM of SO₄^2-（W_s） to W_B1 W_B2 and W_B1+B2(the sum of W_B1 and W_B2),suggesting that FWHM is not suitable for quantitative studies of sulfate solutions with Raman spectroscopy.A comparison of Raman spectroscopic studies of mixed Na₂SO₄ and NaCI solutions with a constant SO₄^2- concentration and variable CI^- concentrations suggest that the I\ parameter is affected by CI^-,whereas the I₂ parameter was not.Therefore,even if the solution is not purely Na₂SO₄-H₂O,SO₄^2- concentrations can still be calculated from the Raman spectra if the H₂O band is deconvoluted into two sub-bands,making this method potentially applicable to analysis of natural fluid inclusions.     

Comparison of Simulated and Reconstructed Temperature in China during the past 2000 years

Studying climate changes over the past 2 000 years has important scientific significance in exploring climate variability on decadal to centennial timescales, assessing the natural and anthropogenic contribution to the climate warming, and understanding the effects of human activities in the past and future climate changes. Due to the scarcity of observation and uncertainty of reconstruction in this period, climate model is developed as a useful tool for studying paleoclimate.The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is one of the state-of-the-art climate models, but its performance in simulating the temperature in China has not been examined.The temperature datasets of observation/reanalysis (GHCN_CAMS) and reconstructions during the past 2000 years in China were used to examine the performance of CESM. The comparison between the annual average temperatures of GHCN_CAMS reanalysis and simulation showed that the model well reproduced the spatial distributions and upward trend of the annual average temperature in China, and the comparison with reconstructions in five sub-regions of China indicated that the simulation were in good consistent with the average temperature changes of reconstructionson decadal time scales. On the centennial time scale, the average temperature fluctuations of simulation in the regions of China were in accord with reconstructions generally except for Central East and Tibet.There existed three warm periods of simulated temperature variation in China over the past 2000 years, including 0-540AD, 800-1250AD and 1901-2000AD, and two cold periods involving the 551-721AD and 1400-1850AD, which had some discrepancies with reconstructions. And the discrepancies between simulation and reconstructions might be related to uncertainties of the resolution, external forcing and parameterization of the subgrid-scale process in the model.