Discrete element modeling for the study of the effect of soft inclusions on the behavior of soil mix material

The influence of soil inclusions on the mechanical behavior of deep soil mix material was studied by discrete element simulations in combination with some laboratory tests. The innovative aspect of the simulations was that individual fracturing in the heterogeneous material was modeled. It was observed that the reduction of strength and stiffness did not correspond to the weighted average of the UCS and Young’s modulus, taking into account the volumes of the strong and weak material. The actual reduction was considerably larger, e.g., on average the strength was reduced by 13% and 50% for 1% and 10% of inclusions, respectively. Moreover, other parameters, such as the shape, number, and relative position of inclusions, also have an important influence on the strength and stiffness. First, sharp-ended inclusions have a more negative impact on the strength and stiffness than rounded inclusions. Second, one large inclusion reduces strength and stiffness more than three smaller inclusions with the same shape and accounting for the same total volume percentage. Finally, diagonally-located and more-concentrated inclusions have a more negative impact on the mechanical behavior than vertically-aligned and widely-spread inclusions. The results of the numerical simulations showed good agreement with the results of laboratory tests with regard to the effect on strength and stiffness as well as the observed fracture patterns.     

System reliability analysis for near-surface radioactive waste disposal facilities

The low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes are generally disposed in near-surface disposal facility (NSDF). The NSDF is composed of engineered barriers. The probabilistic safety assessment model has been developed to analyse the performance of NSDF. The endpoints of the assessment are the concentration of the radionuclide in the groundwater and the corresponding dose rate of the radionuclide. The barrier system can have multiple failure modes but practically the possible failure modes are failure of top cover, failure of waste container, degradation of waste form and failure of bottom cover, which are usually considered as independent failure events. Through a sensitivity analysis, the most critical parameters affecting the design reliability for failure criteria are identified as the groundwater velocity and distribution coefficient. The study shows that for the NSDF considered, there is a high degree of dependence between the failure modes, and demonstrates the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of failures. Thus, the need to consider the system reliability in the NSDF is highlighted. The study also advocates the use of optimisation techniques to evaluate the probability of failure, which provides a better estimate of the probability of failure, as validated from the results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations.     

An extensive analysis of numerical ship self-propulsion prediction via a coupled BEM/RANS approach

The paper deals with the self-propulsion problem, i.e. the solution of the flow around the hull that advances at uniform speed due to the action of its own propeller. A coupled BEM/RANS approach, previously proposed for a simpler case with only rudder and propeller, has been extensively analysed to highlight the strength and the weakness of the method. The proposed analyses consider the influence of different turbulence modelling, the role of the interpolating algorithm for the inclusion of body forces into the RANS domain, a mesh and simulation time step sensitivity study and the influence of the extrapolation procedure for the definition of the effective wake to the propeller in the light of the lightest and the most affordable computational setup for daily accurate calculations. At first, the well-known Kriso Container Ship (KCS) test case is considered. This ship has been widely investigated in the context of different research projects and a large amount of data (both measurements and numerical calculations) is available to validate the solution approach and to highlight the benefits, as well as the weaknesses, of the proposed coupled BEM/RANS approach versus established but computationally demanding calculations based only on RANS simulations. Once the approach has been developed and validated via the KCS test case, calculations have been repeated in the case of completely different ships, in order to evaluate its general applicability and to test the robustness and the reliability of the proposed procedure.     

不同刚度约束对能量桩应力和位移的影响研究

能量桩是一种在传递上部建筑荷载的同时获取地热能源的新技术,其实际工作过程中,热荷载会引起桩体的膨胀或收缩,而桩顶建筑和桩底持力层则会对桩体变形产生约束,进一步影响桩体的应力和位移,但是目前对该问题的研究却十分有限。基于模型试验和数值模拟方法,对桩顶和桩底不同约束条件下两种埋管形式（单U和W型）的桩体位移和热应力进行了分析,并进一步探讨了位移零点随桩顶和桩底约束条件的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着桩顶上部荷载约束刚度的增大,桩体位移零点上移,桩体热应力随着深度增大而减小;随着桩端土体约束刚度的增大,桩体位移零点下移,桩体热应力随着深度增大而增大;相较于无外荷载,工作荷载作用下位移零点上移。     

基于扑翼原理的帆板摇帆推进模型研究

比较鸟类扑翼飞行与帆板摇帆运动在结构、运动过程、气动升力构成和外界环境条件等方面的相似性,提出基于扑翼原理的帆板摇帆推进机理,建立帆板摇帆过程的扑翼运动描述模型。该模型的建立为帆板摇帆运动推进机理的进一步研究奠定基础。     

基于VIIRS火点数据和FARSITE系统的森林火灾蔓延模拟

针对森林火灾模型模拟、预测火灾蔓延结果精度随时间增加而降低的问题,提出了使用卫星遥感火监测数据重初始化火灾模型降低模拟结果误差的方法。使用FARSITE (Fire Area Simulator)火灾模拟系统模拟内蒙古自治区一场森林火灾,并使用375 m的VIIRS (Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite)火监测数据对FARSITE重初始化,探究该方法在中国林火蔓延模拟中的应用。使用SC (S?rensen’s Coefficient)值,辅以多源卫星遥感数据,评估该方法模拟结果精度。结果显示,各模拟过程中,模拟结果精度均随模拟时间的增加而降低,重初始化的模拟结果与实际过火区一致性更高,VIIRS重初始化模拟结果 SC值最高提高56.89%,最终SC值提高了45.45%;最终模拟结果的SC值从最初的54.14%经过VIIRS火点修正后提高到78.76%;模拟过程中的VIIRS火点重初始化的模拟结果 SC值最高为87.8%。使用VIIRS火监测数据重初始化FARSITE火灾模拟系统,将火灾分为多次进行模拟,缩短模拟时间,有效控制模拟误差的传递...     

干旱区天气、气候数值模拟的研究进展

干旱区的气候模拟有着很强特殊性。气候模式是研究和探讨干旱区形成物理机制的有效手段和工具。介绍了近年来国内外干旱气候数值模拟和试验的研究与进展．总结和评述了陆面过程中地表反照率、土壤湿度、植被状况的参数化和对气候的影响．讨论和阐述陆面过程在气候模拟中的重要性。对干旱区的气候和天气灾害的数值模式模拟研究作了一些评述，并对干旱区数值模拟的有关问题进行了讨论和展望。指出干旱区陆面过程的深入研究和干旱区陆面参数的标定，是改进干旱区气候模拟的重要途径。     

非绝热物理过程对北京暴雨数值预报不确定性影响

选取了2001年8月发生于北京市的具有不同大尺度环流强迫特征的两次强降水过程,利用MM5模式和国家气象中心的T213预报资料,分析了模式非绝热物理过程对北京市暴雨数值预报的影响特征和不确定性,探讨了解决暴雨预报不确定性的集合预报方法,进行了多物理模式集合预报试验。试验结果表明:模式非绝热物理参数化方案对精细化预报结果有明显影响,包括局地降水强度、空间分布型态、时间演变特征等;在高分辨率模式中,采用积云对流参数化方案后,会出现更多的小量级降水预报,且不论是大尺度强迫较强的暴雨,还是大尺度强迫较弱的暴雨,对流参数化方案都是造成降水预报不确定性的重要因素。多物理集合预报的初步试验结果表明,高分辨率集合预报可提供有价值的预报信息,是解决灾害性天气预报不确定性的一种有效的技术方法,但就目前的模式水平而言,可重点发展降水集合预报,特别是强降水集合预报系统,以反映模式在降水预报中存在的不确定性。     

冰晶异质核化对雷暴云电过程影响的数值模拟

引入一种新型冰晶异质核化方案,基于二维雷暴云模式,探讨雷暴云电过程对三种异质核化的响应.结果 表明:浸润核化是冰晶生成的最重要异质核化过程,较高数浓度的冰晶消耗雷暴云内液态水含量,抑制淞附过程,导致霰粒子比含水量低,表现为较强的负极性非感应起电率;接触核化生成的冰晶量最少,仅对雷暴云中下层3～5 km处的冰晶有贡献,同...     

青藏高原冬春季积雪异常对中国春夏季降水的影响

利用1956年12月～1998年12月共42a，青藏高原及其附近地区78个积雪观测站的雪深和我国160站月降水的距平资料，分析了其气候特征，并用SVD方法分析了冬春季积雪异常与春夏季我国降水异常的关系。用区域气候模式RegCM2模拟了青藏高原积雪异常的气候效应并检验了诊断分析的结果。分析表明，雪深异常，尤其是冬季雪深异常是影响中国降水的一个因子。研究证明，高原冬季雪深异常对后期中国区域降水的影响比春季雪深异常的影响更为重要。数值模拟的结果表明，高原雪深和雪盖的正异常推迟了东亚夏季风的爆发日期，减弱了季风强度，造成华南和华北降水减少，而长江和淮河流域降水增加。冬季雪深异常比冬季雪盖异常和春季雪深异常对降水的影响更为显著。机理分析指出，高原及其邻近地区的积雪异常首先通过融雪改变土壤湿度和地表温度，从而改变了地面到大气的热量、水汽和辐射通量。由此所引起的大气环流变化又反过来影响下垫面的特征和通量输送。在湿土壤和大气之间，这样一种长时间的相互作用是造成后期气候变化的关键过程。与干土壤和大气的相互作用过程有本质差别。