基于CFD的自然通风对日光温室湿度分布模拟分析

以济南日光温室为研究对象,基于试验观测数据,采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）模拟技术,利用κ-ε湍流模型和离散坐标（DO）辐射模型,模拟自然通风条件下日光温室内空气相对湿度分布。结果表明：CFD能够较好地模拟自然通风条件下温室内湿度变化特征,湿度模拟值与实测值平均误差为5.5%;低风速条件下,自然通风降湿能力弱,温室内湿度呈现明显的下高上低的垂直分布,随着风速增大,降湿效果明显提高,温室内湿度呈现北侧湿度高南侧湿度低的分布特征;风向为温室自然通风降湿的主要动力因素,对降湿效果影响较大,风向为与温室建造走向一致的偏东风时,温室内湿度低且分布均匀,降湿效率高,北风时,温室内湿度空间差异大,降湿效果差。该研究可以为日光温室的结构优化设计和环境调控提供科学依据。     

云滴数浓度对超级单体龙卷影响的数值模拟研究

为了探讨云滴数浓度对于龙卷发生、发展的影响,利用ARPS（Advanced Regional Prediction System）模式,通过调整云滴数浓度（分别取高3000 cm-3、中1000 cm-3和低100 cm-3）的变化,对2003年7月8日安徽省无为县超级单体龙卷进行理想模拟试验。研究表明:三组试验都模拟出超级单体风暴的特征结构如钩状回波和V型入流缺口;云滴数浓度高的试验中上升气流更强、风暴较先发展且持续时间长,近地面涡度也较其他两组试验更大;从三组试验中找到4个龙卷涡旋,其中云滴数浓度高的试验中有两个,涡旋总持续时间接近30 min,最大近地面风速为46.93 m s-1,最大涡度值为0.42 s-1;高云滴数浓度情况下地面冷池弱,更有利于龙卷产生,并对龙卷的发生、发展有促进作用。     

Heat flow analysis of an FPSO topside model with wind effect taken into account: A wind-tunnel test and CFD simulation

The aim of this paper is to study the feasibility of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to examine the effect of wind on the thermal-diffusion characteristics of floating production storage and offloading (FSPO) topside models subject to fire. It is motivated by the need to identify the fire loads on FPSO topsides, taking into account the effects of wind speed and direction as well as the effects of geometry of the FPSO topsides. The results of a wind-tunnel test and CFD simulation undertaken for these purposes on a 1/14-scale FPSO topside model of a VLCC class FPSO unit are reported here. In the wind-tunnel test, the locations of the heat source of the fire are varied, as are the speed and direction of the wind, and the temperature distribution is measured. CFD simulations, using the ANSYS CFX (2009) program, were performed on the test model, with the results compared with the experimental results. It is concluded that wind has a significant effect on the thermal-diffusion characteristics of the test model and that the CFD simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results. The insights developed in this study will be very useful for the fire engineering of FPSO topsides.     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART Ⅱ: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Based on an observational analysis, seven numerical experiments are designed to study the impacts of Pacific SSTA on summer precipitation over eastem China and relevant physical mechanism by NCAR CCM3. The numerical simulation results show that preceding winter SSTA in the Kuroshio region leads to summer precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze River valleys by modifying atmospheric general circulation over eastern Asia and middle-high latitude. West Pacific subtropical high is notably affected by preceding spring SSTA over the middle and east of Equator Pacific; SSTA of the central region of middle latitude in the corresponding period causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China so as to trigger the atmospheric Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern.     

东亚下垫面热力异常与南海夏季风爆发早晚和强弱的关系

利用我国南方逐日降水资料及逐月温度资料，采用Mann-Kendall 突变检验方法，并计算极端降水的GPD(Generalized Pareto Distribution)重现值，讨论了气候变暖前后我国南方冬季极端降水事件的变化。结果表明，我国南方冬季气候变暖的突变发生在1991年前后，且气候变暖后我国南方冬季的极端降水强度普遍有所增加。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进一步分析气候变暖前后的环流场特征，发现东亚热带冬季风异常与我国华南、江南地区降水异常有显著的相关关系。东亚热带冬季风偏强(弱)，华南、江南地区降水偏少(多)。气候变暖后中高纬度环流经向度加大，有利于北方的冷空气向南输送。此外, 气候变暖后我国南方地面气温升高，海陆热力差异减小，东亚热带冬季风减弱，有利于西太平洋的暖湿气流向我国大陆东南部输送，并在东南部形成异常的水汽通量辐合，有利于形成强降水。气候变暖后，中高纬度与中低纬度异常环流系统的相互作用是我国东南部降水强度增加的主要原因。     

Analyzing reproduction of correlations in Monte Carlo simulations: application to mine project valuation

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are extensively used to assess risk in mining ventures; however, the correlation between the inputs used to build the models is often overlooked. We observed how value-at-risk (VaR) of a mining venture was affected by running MC simulations, using two different input correlation methods: Spearman's rank correlation and copulas using Kendall's tau. The goal was to compare different correlation approaches on risk analysis associated with uncertain parameters of mining ventures and uncover which one would yield the most accurate result. Three case studies were carried out to compare correlation structures. Modelling the input variable correlations was better achieved using copulas since they were able to capture a wider range of correlations that did not make any linearity assumptions. In the case study based on MC simulations, the impact of the input correlation choice on the VaR was rather severe with an approximate 9% difference between the results obtained with Spearman's correlations and the Normal copula correlations.     

Understanding flow dynamics and density currents in a river-reservoir system under upstream reservoir releases

ABSTRACT

A three-dimensional flow and temperature model was applied for a 124 km river-reservoir system from Lewis Smith Dam tailrace to Bankhead Lock & Dam, Alabama. The model was calibrated against measured water levels, temperatures, velocities and flow rates from 4 May to 3 September 2011 under small constant release (2.83 m³/s) and large intermittent releases (~140 m³/s) from an upstream reservoir. Distributions of simulated flow and temperatures and particle tracking at various locations were analyzed which revealed the complex interactions of density currents, dynamic surface waves and solar heating. Flows in the surface and bottom layers moved in both upstream and downstream directions. If there was small constant release only from Smith Dam, simulated bottom temperatures at Cordova were on average 4.8°C higher than temperatures under actual releases. The momentum generated from large releases pushed bottom density currents downstream, but the released water took several days to reach Cordova.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor B. Dewals     

Winkler model for dynamic response of composite caisson-piles foundations: Lateral response

As the first part of a sequence focusing on the dynamic response of composite caisson-piles foundations (CCPFs¹), this paper develops a simplified method for the lateral response of these foundations. A Winkler model for the lateral vibration of the CCPF is created by joining the two components, the caisson and the pile group, where the four-spring Winkler model is utilized for the caisson and axial–lateral coupled vibration equations are derived for the pile group. For determining the coefficients of the four-spring Winkler model for the caissons, embedded footing impedance is used and a modification on the rotational embedment factor is made for the sake of the geometrical difference between shallow footings and caissons. Comparisons against results from finite element simulations demonstrate the reliability of this modified four-spring Winkler model for caissons in both homogenous and layered soils. The proposed simplified method for the lateral vibration of CCPFs is verified also by 3D finite element modeling. Finally, through an example, the idea of adding piles beneath the caisson is proved to be of great significance to enhance the resistance of the foundation against lateral dynamic loads.     

Forward Symplectic Integrators for Solving Gravitational Few-Body Problems

We introduce a class of fourth order symplectic algorithms that are ideal for doing long time integration of gravitational few-body problems. These algorithms have only positive time steps, but require computing the force gradient in addition to the force. We demonstrate the efficiency of these Forward Symplectic Integrators by solving the circular restricted three-body problem in the space-fixed frame where the force on the third body is explicitly time-dependent. These algorithms can achieve accuracy of Runge–Kutta, conventional negative time step symplectic and corrector symplectic algorithms at step sizes five to ten times as large.