Discontinuity controlled probabilistic slope failure risk maps of the Altindag (settlement) region in Turkey

The evaluation of potential rock slope problems using stereographic projection techniques known as kinematic analysis is one of the most important parts of a slope stability investigation to be carried out in jointed rock media. In conventional stereoprojection techniques for the assessment of possible rock slope failures, the peak orientations of joints together with the slope geometry and the friction angle of the weakness planes are used. Other possible joint orientations which may be encountered in the rock media are ignored, although they belong to the group of joint peak orientations. In this study, nearly vertical jointed andesites cropped out at the Altindag settlement region in Ankara were studied in order to evaluate the relevance of this ignored discontinuity orientation data on slope stability. As a result, probabilistic risk maps for planar, toppling and wedge failures were produced using the kinematic rules and digital elevation model of the study area. The comparison of the distribution of the actual failures in the area and the probabilistic risk maps prepared for the study area revealed that all of the identified failures are found to be located in the higher risk zones on the probabilistic risk maps.     

潍坊市北部沿海地区海咸水入侵灾害及防治对策

潍坊市北部的寿光、寒亭、昌邑等沿海地区,80年代初期就已形成地下水水位下降漏斗,导致海咸水对淡水含水层的入侵.本文根据监测资料,对该区海咸水入侵发展现状、危害程度及形成原因进行了探讨,并提出了防治对策.     

基于智慧交通的可达性与交通出行碳排放——理论与实证

信息与通信技术的发展推动了智慧交通建设,并将进一步提高城市交通可达性和影响居民出行。在全球应对气候变化、减少碳排放的共识背景下,由于"智慧交通—可达性—出行行为(碳排放)"间复杂的影响作用机制,已有的研究难以判断智慧化背景下的城市交通可达性提高将增加抑或减少出行碳排放。如何通过提高城市交通可达性来缓解交通拥堵,保障城市交通运输系统的有效运行,并提高居民出行效率,减少出行碳排放是当前中国智慧交通发展面临的关键问题之一。针对以上科学问题,本文尝试提出基于智慧交通的可达性与交通出行碳排放的理论框架,并以广州为研究案例地,研究了社区居民通勤碳排放特征及其影响机理,社区出行低碳指数格局及其影响因素的空间异质性,以及基于碳排放—位置分配模型的公共中心规划支持系统设计与应用,可为今后的相关研究提供借鉴。     

Burial and exhumation of the Hoh Xil Basin,northern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from detrital (U-Th)/He ages

The uplift and associated exhumation of the Tibetan Plateau has been widely considered a key control of Cenozoic global cooling. The south-central parts of this plateau experienced rapid exhumation during the Cretaceous–Palaeocene periods. When and how the northern part was exhumed, however, remains controversial. The Hoh Xil Basin (HXB) is the largest late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the northern part, and it preserves the archives of the exhumation history. We present detrital apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He data from late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the western and eastern HXB. These data, combined with regional geological constraints and interpreted with inverse and forward model of sediment deposition and burial reheating, suggest that the occurrence of ca. 4–2.7 km and ca. 4–2.3 km of vertical exhumation initiated at ca. 30–25 Ma and 40–35 Ma in the eastern and western HXB respectively. The initial differential exhumation of the eastern HXB and the western HXB might be controlled by the oblique subduction of the Qaidam block beneath the HXB. The initial exhumation timing in the northern Tibetan Plateau is younger than that in the south-central parts. This reveals an episodic exhumation of the Tibetan Plateau compared to models of synchronous Miocene exhumation of the entire plateau and the early Eocene exhumation of the northern Tibetan Plateau shortly after the India–Asia collision. One possible mechanism to account for outward growth is crustal shortening. A simple model of uplift and exhumation would predict a maximum of 0.8 km of surface uplift after upper crustal shortening during 30–27 Ma, which is insufficient to explain the high elevations currently observed. One way to increase elevation without changing exhumation rates and to decouple uplift from upper crustal shortening is through the combined effects of continental subduction, mantle lithosphere removal and magmatic inflation.     

西北干旱区荒漠生态系统通量贡献区模型研究

涡度相关仪通量值所代表的通量贡献区范围,对于通量观测塔的选址、仪器安装高度的确定以及通量观测数据的质量控制等具有重要的指导意义。利用通量贡献区模型对位于古尔班通古特沙漠试验场通量观测资料的空间代表性进行初步分析。结果表明：该荒漠区在大气稳定条件下90%的通量贡献区最远可以达到686.40 m,通量贡献函数最大点的位置在162.50 m;大气稳定时各风向的通量贡献区范围在生长末期均达到最大,生长初期和中期的源区变化因受到各风向风速和植被下垫面的影响而有差异;大气不稳定时不同生长时期各风向通量贡献区没有固定变化规律;通量源区大约有58.71%的信息来自于荒漠区通量观测塔西南至西北方,整个生长季生长末期通量贡献最多,所占比例为40.16%。由FSAM模型测得的通量贡献区范围可以较准确地反映荒漠生态系统下垫面的通量信息。     

天峨县牛坪金矿地质特征及找矿意义

广西天峨牛坪金矿位于右江盆地北东侧、天峨构造北端 ,以岩溶砂金为主 ,金矿体主要赋存于受多组断裂控制的溶蚀洼地及溶洞中。矿区内发现含 (金 )锑水晶的石英—方解石脉、方解石脉 ,脉体成份与砂金矿石成份相同 ,说明砂金矿源于岩金矿脉。此发现对黔桂地区在碳酸盐岩区寻找同类型金矿 ,对锑、水晶矿点 (床 )资料二次开发 ,研究该区金矿成矿作用 ,具有现实意义。     

MODIS干旱指数对华北干旱的敏感性分析

针对近年来干旱发生频繁的华北地区,通过利用2000-2009年MODIS数据和气象观测站降水资料,建立草地和农田距平植被指数(AVI)与不同时间尺度标准化降水指数(SPI)之间的相关统计模型,比较AVI和距平水分指数(AWI)对干旱响应的敏感性。结果表明：(1)植被生长季AVI与不同时间尺度SPI的相关关系不同。草地AVI与1个月尺度的SPI(即1-SPI)相关系数较低,而与3-SPI相关最显著;而农田区AVI与SPI的相关性较低,总体上农田AVI与3-SPI的相关性较高;(2) AWI与AVI类似,也对SPI存在时滞响应,均与3-SPI有着极显著的相关关系,并且在干旱发生较严重的6~8月份AWI与3-SPI的相关性好于AVI与3-SPI的相关性;(3)运用AWI反演的华北地区2009年夏季干旱分布图较好地反映了旱情的时空分布,与相关气象资料结果相符合。     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest–southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K1f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

Design and Application of the Annual Report of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Monitoring

Scientific and effective heritage monitoring can not only realize the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its values, but it can also realize the sustainable development of the heritage site. In order to promote the conservation and management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), this study proposed a design for the annual report of GIAHS monitoring under the overall framework of the GIAHS monitoring system, and explored the application of the annual report in the first GIAHS site in China: the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System. In the design scheme of this study, the GIAHS annual monitoring report is composed of 24 monitoring items, with each of them logically related. It is to be filled in by the bureaus of the heritage site and reported through the GIAHS dynamic monitoring system. The results of an analysis of the annual reports of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System for four years showed that Qingtian County has taken a series of conservation and development measures which have reduced the area of abandoned paddy, enhanced the unit benefit of agri-products, and increased the farmers’ income. At the same time, the heritage site is faced with various challenges and threats, such as the weakening of the tourism attraction, the aging of the heritage practitioners, and the limitation of the heritage-themed agri-products and tourism income, which need to be addressed with proper measures. The results can also provide guidance for other GIAHS based on indications that heritage sites should improve the development of cultural products, the construction of social organization and the cultivation of spontaneous publicity, and an exchange and learning mechanism should be established among them in the future. The design and application of the GIAHS annual monitoring reports can not only provide specific guidance for conducting the GIAHS monitoring, but also lay the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of GIAHS conservation and management. This study is expected to help enrich the theory of GIAHS monitoring, further promote China’s GIAHS monitoring work, and also provide China’s experience for the benefit of international GIAHS monitoring efforts.     

小良试验站三种植被类型地表径流效应的对比研究

本文分析研究了３种植被类型下的地表径流在汇流、洪峰及径流过程上的特征，差异是巨大的。在径流过程上桉树林和裸地的变地剧烈，几乎没有什么调蓄作用，洪峰流量占一次性降水径流量的绝大部分，涨水和退水流量都较小。本文应用灰色系统ＧＭ（２，１）模型，成功地预测了以年和以月为时间尺度的地表径流序列，其预测模型可以用来对这些时间尺度的地表径流进行预报。