In Situ Measurements of the Acoustic Target Strength of Cape Horse Mackerel Trachurus Trachurus Capensis Off Namibia

As it is not always possible to analyse nutrient samples on board ship during research cruises, it is necessary to preserve them for analysis ashore, and freezing is by far the simplest and seemingly the most accurate means of preservation. To verify this statement, a series of experiments on samples analysed both at sea and later ashore (after freezing) was conducted. Freezing is apparently a viable method for preserving samples destined for analysis of nitrate and low silicate (<30–40 mmol·m^?3), but phosphate samples are seemingly not well preserved when frozen. In the latter case, the deficits between analysis of fresh samples aboard ship and frozen duplicates ashore vary randomly. To determine normal trends in nutrient distribution it seems feasible to store samples in the frozen state, but for highly accurate work, as would be necessary for WOCE studies, it is advisable to analyse samples at sea immediately after collection.     

Observation of Sea Breeze Front and its Induced Convection over Chennai in Southern Peninsular India Using Doppler Weather Radar

Sea breeze, the onshore wind over a coastal belt during daytime, is a welcoming weather phenomenon as it modulates the weather condition by moderating the scorching temperature and acts as a favourable mechanism to trigger convection and induce precipitation over coastal and interior locations. Sea breeze aids dispersal of pollutants as well. Observational studies about its onset, depth of circulation and induced precipitation have been carried out in this paper for the period April to September, 2004–2005 using a S-band Doppler Weather Radar functioning at Cyclone Detection Radar Station, India Meteorological Department, Chennai, India. The onset of sea breeze has been observed to be between 0900 and 1000 UTC with the earliest onset at 0508 UTC and late onset at 1138 UTC. The frequency is greater during the southwest monsoon season, viz., June – September and the frequency of initial onset is greater in north Chennai. The modal length of sea breeze is between 20 and 50 km with extreme length as high as 100 km also having been observed. Though the inland penetration is on average 10 to 20 km, penetration reaching 100 km was also observed on a number of cases. The induced convection could be seen in the range 50–100 km in more than 53% of the cases. The mean depth of sea breeze circulation is 300–600 m but may go well beyond 1000 m on conducive atmospheric conditions.     

北京地区雷暴大风预报研究

利用NCEP1°×1°分析场资料,对北京地区2000—2005年夏季和2006年5—6月出现的30个雷暴大风日对流有效位能(CAPE)、对流抑制能量(CIN)、大气可降水量(PWAT)、垂直速度(ω)、相对湿度(RH)和抬升指数(LI)等物理量平均场进行了研究。结果表明,在雷暴大风发生之前,CAPE有一个明显增大的过程,与之相对应,CIN有一个减少的过程。垂直速度和相对湿度垂直-时间剖面图显示,在雷暴大风发生前,对流层低层一般为上升运动,来自大气中、上层的干冷空气及其伴随的下沉气流有利于不稳定层结的增强;雷暴大风发生当日的20时,大尺度环境场为较强的上升运动控制,上升运动可达到对流层顶高度附近,与之配合,大气中层(600hPa左右)存在一相对湿度为70%的高值区,其中55%的相对湿度高度可伸展到300hPa,大气可降水量达到最大值,抬升指数最小;从22时左右开始,随着不稳定层结的破坏,500hPa以下逐渐转为下沉气流控制。通过与2004—2005年5—8月期间46个普通雷暴日和非雷暴日平均场对比分析还发现,大气可降水量对雷暴大风和普通雷暴有很好的指示意义,即普通雷暴要求大气中含有较高的可降水量,而雷暴大风则较低。认真分析不同类型雷暴大风多普勒雷达回波特征,尤其是多普勒速度图像是做好雷暴大风临近预报的关键。     

埃玛图微机制作及对流有效位能的计算

该文阐述了微机制作简化埃玛图的思路和方法,介绍了与对流密切相关的大气能量参数ＣＩＮ、ＣＡＰＥ的计算方法,分析了两个实例,并对文中设计的大气能量计算方案的应用前景进行了讨论。     

一次右移传播的强对流风暴研究

对1998年6月21日华北平原强对流风暴的天气动力学分析表明, 这次强对流风暴是发生在华北区域出现前倾性阶梯槽形势下, 对流层中、下层的差动温度平流和干暖盖的存在是对流不稳定层结形成和发展以及有效对流能量存储的重要条件;对流层中、低层的西风扰动触发对流云团生成, 而对流云团在明显右移传播过程中不断发展增强, 是与对流云团南侧存在明显的动压垂直加速度、高能暖湿气流的不断输入以及对流云团的合并有关。     

Influence of Coastal Marine Boundary Layer Jets on Rainfall in South China

Coastal marine boundary layer jets(CMBLJs)play an important role in coastal and inland rainfall in South China.Using 21 years of ERA5 and CMORPH rainfall data,two main CMBLJs are found,one on each side of Hainan Island(named BLJ-WEST and BLJ-EAST),which are always strengthened jointly.Both CMBLJs often occur in the pre-summer rainy season and exhibit an evident diurnal cycle with a maximum at night.With the emergence of the CMBLJs,rainfall is significantly enhanced in South China,particularly downstream of each CMBLJ.The response of rainfall to the CMBLJs is mainly attributed to convergence at the terminus of each CMBLJ,terrain-induced lifting,and relevant atmospheric stratification.Coastal rainfall downstream of the BLJ-WEST is much weaker than that downstream of the BLJ-EAST because of higher CIN over the Beibu Gulf,which is caused by lower temperature lapse rates and adiabatic heating in the lee of the Annamite Range.The inland rainfall increases along with CMBLJ intensity,whereas coastal rainfall reaches a maximum in the presence of moderate CMBLJs rather than stronger CMBLJs.Stronger CMBLJs induce stronger dynamic lifting but higher CIN near the coastal area.Additionally,CAPE near the coast does not become highest with strongest CMBLJs,because the CAPE generation contributed by coastal dynamic lifting can be offset by the negative contribution caused by the horizontal advection of cold and dry air from the Indochina Peninsula.Therefore,anomalous dynamic lifting,moisture flux convergence,and CAPE/CIN associated with CMBLJ intensity jointly result in anomalous rainfall.     

北京地区两条线状对流相继下山发展的边界层条件对比研究

利用北京地区稠密的观测资料和变分多普勒雷达分析系统(VDRAS)再分析资料,分析了2017年7月7日相继影响北京地区并造成短时强降水、大风、小冰雹等的两条线状对流活动。两条对流均生成于北京西北的河北张家口山区,且在山脚和平原地区继续发展,但其边界层条件是不同的,第二条对流带在第一条影响后的冷垫上发展。结果表明:平原及山脚一带较好的热力、动力条件,包括高温高湿的边界层环境、低层环境风场与对流带前侧冷池出流形成的辐合,为第一条对流带在下山过程中快速组织化发展形成飑线提供了有利条件。飑线发展强盛阶段,冷池的发展与环境低层垂直风切变达到平衡,冷池前沿自地面至1.5 km高度处形成强辐合区,上升运动呈近乎垂直的形态。第二条对流带在前一条飑线形成的冷垫上继续发展,形成暖季高架对流,虽然风暴上升运动呈倾斜状且强度有所减弱,但是强回波(≥45 dBz)面积未减。一方面,第二条对流带受前一条飑线能量方面的抑制;但另一方面,两条对流带在合适的距离下,低层流场形成辐合,尤其是在第二条对流带的冷池与前一条飑线形成的冷垫靠近叠加以后低层辐合进一步加强,第二条对流带回波继续北上。本例高架对流发展的能量来源主要为边界层以上层结不稳定的大气,可能伴随在第一条飑线过境后由偏南暖湿气流带来的边界层以上对流能量重建过程。所以,在强对流短时临近预报业务中,需要综合考虑热力、动力等多重因素,而VDRAS快速更新同化的再分析资料可以提供有效参考。