台风涡旋螺旋波及其波列传播动力学特征：诊断分析

运用台风移动涡旋影响域统计分析动态区域序列概念,采用 3个目标台风卫星TBB资料 ,对台风螺旋云带波列结构特征进行了功率谱合成分析。研究结果揭示出台风涡旋中心与周 边区域对流云的相关场呈螺旋带波状特征;台风影响域螺旋波亦表现出显著次天气、中尺度 波动特征,其波动周期尺度及其传播相速可类似重力内波与涡旋Rossby波,即周期呈双峰特 征,为大于6h与24h左右时间尺度;螺旋波高、低空流型特征与台风的维持、发展结构特征 相关;扰动TBB场时间偏差分布呈类似涡旋Rossby波螺旋波列,其波列路径与涡 旋Rossby波传播特征相似,并提出了台风涡旋螺旋波结构模型。     

基于ECMWF模式预报的台风降水地形订正方法

为了解决复杂地形条件下ECMWF模式预报的台风降水较实况显著小的问题,对Smith 1979年提出的地形降水方程进行改进,提出以饱和湿层高度作为方程积分上限,针对不同高度地形设定不同的降水效率;以无量纲湿弗劳德数大于1作为有、无地形降水的判据;利用ECWMF细网格预报场,通过迎风坡地形降水估算方程来订正模式预报的台风降水。用该地形降水订正方法对1617号台风“鲇鱼”的降水进行了订正预报。结果表明,虽然在一些小尺度地形区域会产生明显的空报,但是对于大尺度地形区域的强降水有显著的订正效果。对1513、1521和1614台风的订正结果进一步表明,该地形降水订正方法对改进台风极端降水预报效果显著。需要指出的是,采用的地形降水订正方法仅考虑了稳定条件下的地形降水,对于其他情形下的地形降水订正方法尚待进一步的研究。      

利用GPS与环境负荷形变数据研究台风引起的垂向地表位移

台风造成的强降雨、低气压、海面高度变化均会引起地表的形变.本文利用中国大陆构造环境监测网（陆态网）7个GPS台站每日的垂向位移和环境负荷形变模型分析2018年9月10—26日台风"山竹"期间不同负荷引起的区域垂向地表形变.结果表明,台风期间大气负荷和非潮汐海洋负荷垂向形变最大分别达到5.1 mm和-9.2 mm.模型能较好地反映河流区域地表水文负荷变化造成的垂向形变,但不同模型之间存在系统偏差.由于缺少地下水等信息,模型反映负荷长期形变效应的效果不佳,且形变的量级明显小于GPS观测的结果.迅速增加的水文负荷使北海GPS站从开始下沉到最低点（-15.6 mm）5天的下沉量达到25.7 mm;珠海、广州GPS站均观测到河流汇水作用造成地表的二次下沉,且珠海站一周后才抬升到正常位置;湛江和北海GPS站能较好地反映河流水位变化,相关系数分别为-0.66和-0.50.研究结果表明,相比于形变模型,GPS能更有效地监测台风短期水文负荷形变,可为台风洪水等灾害监测与预报提供有用的信息.     

东移偶极子与台风涡旋的相互作用

用β平面准地转正压模式实施8组试验,分析东移偶极子与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果指出:这种相互作用可以引起台风环流1波非对称结构向2波非对称结构的转换;引起台风涡旋随时间衰减的速度显著变慢;引起沿西北方向移动的正常路径向北折转向或打转等异常路径的转化。     

Simulation of event-based landslides and debris flows at watershed level

A coupled model has been developed to simulate, at watershed level, landslides and debris flows induced by a severe typhoon (tropical cyclone) in Taiwan. The model comprises a landslide susceptibility model to predict landslide occurrence, an empirical model to select debris-flow initiation points, and a debris flow model to simulate the transport and deposit of failed materials from the identified source areas. In raster format with a 10 m spatial resolution, the model output includes unstable cells, debris-flow initiation cells, debris-flow velocities, runout paths, and deposition zones. The model was first tested and calibrated in a small area, where the damage by landslides had been investigated and recorded. It was then applied to a watershed, and the simulation results were validated by comparing them with a landslide/debris-flow inventory map prepared from satellite images using a multiple change detection technique. Model test and validation results confirm the usefulness of the model in predicting the number and size of affected areas (landslides and runouts combined), runout path, and volume of runout deposits. It is a common practice in Taiwan to separate landslide and debris-flow inventories and to study debris flows only in select drainage basins. This study suggests that landslide and debris flow should be modeled as a sequential process for efficient watershed management.     

东海台风路径预报的CLIPER模式

本文提出了东海台风２４－７２小时路径ＣＬＩＰＥＲ全样本预报模式和ＣＬＩＰＥＲ分类预报模式，特别是设计了一套根据运动台风不断变化的区及其前期运动趋势而彩和不同的预报模式和预报方程的方法，五年２８例台风的试报表明，２４，４８，７２小时预报误差分别为１０９，２１５，３２９少里，精度明显高于国内外类似模式，而且该方法简便，易行，适合于海洋预报台和气象台站作台风路径的客观预报，特别是可作为配有ＩＢＭ微机的远     

An Observational Study of Typhoon Imbudo in 2003

Typhoon Imbudo was a super-typhoon over the northwestern Pacific in 2003. It caused tremendous damage when it made landfalls in the Philippines and China. This paper documents observational analyses of Typhoon Imbudo during its landfall in China. All available observations are used to study its motion, intensity changes, convection, structure and precipitation. Best-track data indicate that Imbudo moved west-northwestward until 1800 UTC 23 July and then turned northwestward. FNL （final） analysis data show that the motion of Imbudo is dominated by changes of the subtropical high. At Imbudo＇s mature stage, the minimum sea level pressure dropped to 910 hPa and the maximum sustained winds were as high as 67 m s^-1, which is the intensity of a super-typhoon. The surface wind field exhibited asymmetric characteristics. Polar-orbiting satellite imagery also manifested convective asymmetry before Imbudo made landfall in China. Analyzed the vertical wind shear, it is shown that the convection has a downshear-left pattern. All kinds of precipitation data were used to identify the asymmetric characteristic of the rainfall associated with the Imbudo. The maximum rainfalls were located in the southern boundary area between Guangxi and Guangdong. However, the lack of in situ observations limited further analyses of this typhoon.     

超强台风丹娜丝对1323号强台风菲特极端降水的作用

利用地面观测资料、台风定位资料、ECMWF全球再分析资料等,采用TC降水天气图客观识别法(OSAT)、TC路径相似面积指数(TSAI)和气流轨迹模式HYSPILIT等方法,从2013年第23号强台风菲特在我国东南沿海引发台风暴雨的极端性分析及其成因诊断入手,揭示了双台风作用对极端暴雨的增强作用。结果表明:首先,强台风菲特给浙江带来了自1958年以来单站日降水排名第二的极端降水,余姚和奉化日降水量均为395.6 mm;"菲特"降水过程有两个明显的强降水阶段。其次,秋季强台风菲特登陆后之所以出现如此强度且持续的台风暴雨,与超强台风丹娜丝的存在密不可分。在强降水第一阶段,双台风作用促成了降水的极端性,"丹娜丝"向降水区域输送了约79.0%的水汽,对杭州湾南侧的强降水过程有重要贡献;在"菲特"强降水第二阶段,"菲特"的环流已经基本消散,超强台风丹娜丝与冷空气的共同作用主导了这一阶段强降水的发生。     

超强台风“威马逊”近海急剧加强特征及诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR提供的全球客观分析资料对1409号超强台风“威马逊”近海急剧加强的特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明：南海较高的海表温度、中低层丰富的水汽净流入为“威马逊”增强提供了有利的能量条件;维持近22 h对流层深层、高层及低层介于0~4 m/s弱环境风垂直切变是“威马逊”两次以超强台风登陆的必要条件;台风中心附近对流层高层强烈辐散、中低层正涡度值的增大和正涡度柱向对流层上层的伸展导致“威马逊”急剧增强;“威马逊”台风急剧增强具有一定前兆性,急剧增强与环境风垂直切变及对流层中低层涡度值的响应时间分别为12 h和9 h。