两相介质波动问题显式有限元方法稳定性研究

基于动力反应递推计算格式传递矩阵的性质,进行了饱和两相介质波动问题时域显式有限元方法稳定性问题的研究。定义了综合考虑各种影响因素的稳定性判别指标——传递因子;研究了稳定性影响因素,包括时间步长、空间步距和渗透系数取值的作用规律;给出了方法稳定性的实用判别准则。研究结果表明:时间步长、空间步距和渗透系数取值都对饱和两相介质波动问题的时域显式有限元方法的稳定性有较为显著的影响。随着时间步长的增大,方法的稳定性降低;随着空间步距的增大,方法的稳定性增加;当渗透系数取值增大时,方法的稳定性增加。     

渠道分水扰动可预知算法设计与仿真

维持控制点水位稳定是保证输水渠道安全有效运行的前提.以控制点水位偏差为主要抑制因子,基于线性二次型(LQR)指标,构建了渠道系统水位偏差、偏差变率和流量控制的全状态空间模型,将加入预测模块的线性二次型算法在渠道系统的全状态空间中进行分析和综合,提出了扰动可预知模型的构造方法.通过脉冲响应测试来加深对算法结构的理解,使用南水北调中线电子渠道平台对算法有效性进行验证,验证结果表明,该算法在渠道运行工况改变后,仍能够维持渠道的稳定运行,算法设计极具潜在的应用价值.     

气象资料的统计降尺度方法综述

统计降尺度是解决由气象模式输出的低分辨率资料到流域尺度资料转换的手段之一,已成为一个重要的研究领域。统计降尺度方法十分丰富,分为传递函数法、天气形势法和天气发生器3类,3类之间并无严格的界限。统计降尺度涉及到时间与空间降尺度、随机型与确定型降尺度、时间自相关与空间相关性以及面向格点与面向站点的降尺度这4个方面的属性与分...     

高架轨道交通对城市景观的影响及应对措施初探

论文分析了高架轨道交通对城市景观的双重影响:高架桥作为一种新的城市构筑物,为人们提供了欣赏城市的新的观赏点和观赏方式;但处理不当的高架构筑物具有破坏自然景观、影响人们的视觉、造成尺度失调、影响城市色彩和谐、破坏城市原有肌理等负面影响。进而论文提出了高架轨道交通的设计原则及改善轨道交通城市形象的应对措施:第一,巧妙选线,充分利用轨道交通沿线风景资源,形成轨道交通视觉廊道;第二,提升高架桥的空间景观形象:桥下空间综合利用,完善城市功能;桥侧空间精心设计,增强桥体人性化因素;重视高架桥体及附属物的形象设计,达到技术与艺术的完美统一;第三,建设具有地域风格的换乘站。     

山西省煤炭区域流动的环境负担转移效应(英文)

For the low price of coal and ineffective environmental management in mining area, China is in the dilemma of the increasing coal demand and the serious environmental issues in mining area. The more coal that is exported from a region, the more heavily it suffers from the environmental impacts of coal export. In this paper, the temporal and spatial process of exporting coal from Shanxi to other provinces of China is traced between 1975 and 2005. The coal net export of Shanxi increased to 370.69 million tonnes in 2005, representing an average annual growth rate of 7.5% from 1975 to 2005. With the increase of the amount of coal export from Shanxi, the Environmental Loads Transfer (ELT) that import provinces input to mining areas of Shanxi are rising. Effective means of internalizing the environmental externality of ELT lie in: 1) setting up a coal sustainable development fund to restore environment of coal mining area; 2) enforcing environment tax, financial transfer payment and transferring advantage technology of pollution reduction to coal export area; and 3) reducing coal regional flow by reducing coal demand from power generation and heating and other industries.     

Holocene history and environmental reconstruction of a Hercynian mire and surrounding mountain landscape based on multiple proxies

We discovered the first peat section covering the entire Holocene in the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, representing an island of unique alpine vegetation whose history may display transitional features between the Hercynian and Carpathian regions. We analysed pollen, plant macrofossils (more abundant in bottom layers), testate amoebae (more abundant in upper layers), peat stratigraphy and chemistry. We found that the landscape development indeed differed from other Hercynian mountains located westward. This is represented by Pinus cembra and Larix during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, the early expansion of spruce around 10,450 cal yr BP, and survival of Larix during the climatic optimum. The early Holocene climatic fluctuations are traced in our profile by species compositions of both the mire and surrounding forests. The mire started to develop as a calcium-rich percolation fen with some species recently considered to be postglacial relicts (Meesia triquetra, Betula nana), shifted into ombrotrophy around 7450 cal yr BP by autogenic succession and changed into a pauperised, nutrient-enriched spruce woodland due to modern forestry activities. We therefore concluded that its recent vegetation is not a product of natural processes. From a methodological viewpoint we demonstrated how using multiple biotic proxies and extensive training sets in transfer functions may overcome taphonomic problems.     

Giga-Pixels and Sky Surveys

We describe a project to build a new type of astronomical CCD that should significantly decrease the cost per pixel of detectors. This device should also provide very fast readout, autoguiding capability, image motion compensation, and good red sensitivity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

非坐标方法确定卫星时间信号的传递时延

在卫星电视授时系统方案中，为确定标准秒信号从发射站经卫星到用户接收站的传播时延值，需要知道收、发地面站及卫星的坐标，所以，在高精度的卫星电视授时系统中，需要建立高精度的同步卫星定位同。本文提出在没有卫星定位同的条件下，用非坐标方法来确定卫星时间信号到用户的传递时延，其授时精度为几μｓ。     

精密主动地震监测

借助人工震源,主动探测地下介质结构、并监视其动态变化是地震学家的一个梦想,本文提出的精密主动地震监测(PASM: Precisely and Actively Seismic Monitoring)为实现这一梦想提供了一条可能的途径.本文介绍的精密主动地震监测系统以与GPS保持同步的电子系统控制的旋转质量体作为地震信号源,产生精确的、高度可重复的地震信号,这种信号经过地下介质传播到达观测点被数字地震仪器记录,由专门的计算方法提取,可以获得监视地下介质结构的有效信息,从而实现地下介质结构及物性的主动精确动态监测.其中震源是一种连续震源,工作时对地输入能量强度低,对环境不造成任何破坏性影响,可长期运行,是一种适用范围广泛的绿色震源.以此震源为基础构成的精密主动地震监测系统,配合高灵敏度的数字观测系统,再加上数据处理和信噪比增强技术,可以在150 km以上的距离外得到有效纪录,精确地监视固定路径的精度优于1 ms的走时变化,进而监视地下介质的速度变化和介质参数的变化,是一种前景光明的新型地震学研究方法.     

New Zealand chironomids as proxies for human-induced and natural environmental change: Transfer functions for temperature and lake production (chlorophyll a)

The analysis of chironomid taxa and environmental datasets from 46 New Zealand lakes identified temperature (February mean air temperature) and lake production (chlorophyll a (Chl a)) as the main drivers of chironomid distribution. Temperature was the strongest driver of chironomid distribution and consequently produced the most robust inference models. We present two possible temperature transfer functions from this dataset. The most robust model (weighted averaging-partial least squares (WA-PLS), n = 36) was based on a dataset with the most productive (Chl a > 10 μg l⁻¹) lakes removed. This model produced a coefficient of determination () of 0.77, and a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP_jack) of 1.31°C. The Chl a transfer function (partial least squares (PLS), n = 37) was far less reliable, with an of 0.49 and an RMSEP_jack of 0.46 Log₁₀μg l⁻¹. Both of these transfer functions could be improved by a revision of the taxonomy for the New Zealand chironomid taxa, particularly the genus Chironomus. The Chironomus morphotype was common in high altitude, cool, oligotrophic lakes and lowland, warm, eutrophic lakes. This could reflect the widespread distribution of one eurythermic species, or the collective distribution of a number of different Chironomus species with more limited tolerances. The Chl a transfer function could also be improved by inputting mean Chl a values into the inference model rather than the spot measurements that were available for this study.