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关于中国南水北调的思考

指出中国南水北调工程不仅是一项水资源配置工程,而且也是一项生态环境工程;向华北平原调水是属于相机补水性质,而向西北调水是持续供水性质的;建议采用最小风险概念作为南水北调工程项目的决策依据之一.     

GPS RTK中虚拟基准站技术的运用方法探讨

本文试图寻找一种常规GPS RTK在使用上的新方法,用以解决常规GPS RTK的缺陷。GPS RTK虚拟基准站就是一种在实践中摸索出来的新方法,文中讲述了该方法的理论基础以及野外采集的要求,内业转换的办法,最后对该方法在使用范围及条件上提出了建议。     

The relative utility of foraminifera and diatoms for reconstructing late Holocene sea-level change in North Carolina, USA

Foraminifera and diatoms preserved in salt-marsh sediments have been used to produce high-resolution records of Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) change. To determine which of these microfossil groups is most appropriate for this purpose we investigated their relative utility from salt marshes in North Carolina, USA. Regional-scale transfer functions were developed using foraminifera, diatoms and a combination of both (multi-proxy) from three salt marshes (Oregon Inlet, Currituck Barrier Island and Pea Island). We evaluated each approach on the basis of transfer-function performance. Foraminifera, diatoms and multi-proxy-based transfer functions all demonstrated a strong relationship between observed and predicted elevations (r²_jack > 0.74 and RMSEP < 0.05 m), suggesting that they have equal utility. Application of the transfer functions to a fossil core from Salvo to reconstruct former sea levels enabled us to consider relative utility in light of ‘paleo-performance’. Fossil foraminifera had strong modern analogues, whilst diatoms had poor modern analogues making them unreliable. This result reflects the high diversity and site-specific distribution of modern diatoms. Consequently, we used foraminifera to reconstruct RSL change for the period since ∼ AD 1800 using a ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹⁴C-based chronology, and we were able to reconcile this with tide-gauge records.     

Assessing Recent Eutrophication in Coastal Waters of the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) using Subfossil Diatoms

Marine eutrophication of estuaries and coastal waters is considered to be a significant problem worldwide. In the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea, where the nutrient load has strongly increased from its natural level, this has led to marked changes in the coastal ecosystems. A key to successful management of coastal waters is reliable scientific evidence of their past state. The palaeolimnological record of subfossil diatoms was used to study the rate and magnitude of eutrophication over the last ca. 200 years in two urban and three rural sites. The urban sites showed marked increases in the percentage abundance of planktonic diatoms (from <50 to ca. 90% and from <5 to ca. 70%) and diatom-inferred total dissolved nitrogen (from <800 to ca. 3000 μg l⁻¹ and from <400 to ca. 800 μg l⁻¹), and a decrease in species richness starting in the 19th – early 20th century with increased urbanisation. At both sites a clear recovery was observed after the cessation of waste water loading by the mid 1980s. The present planktonic diatom assemblages of these embayments, however, show no change back to the pre-disturbance diverse benthic communities. In contrast, the changes observed in the rural sites were only moderate and occurred later starting in the 1940s. No marked increases in diatom-inferred total dissolved nitrogen were seen, however, all sites showed an increase in small planktonic taxa (from ca. 1–6% to 8–36%) indicating increased nutrient enrichment and turbidity. These small floristic changes could be seen as an early warning signal despite little change in the inferred nutrient concentrations. The results have implications for the European Water Framework Directive, which requires European surface waters to be of good ecological status, defined both by biological and chemical quality elements.     

Diatom-based models for reconstructing past water quality and productivity in New Zealand lakes

The trophic status of lakes in New Zealand is, on average, low compared to more densely populated areas of the globe. Despite this, trends of eutrophication are currently widespread due to recent intensification in agriculture. In order to better identify baseline productivity and establish long-term trends in lake trophic status, diatom-based transfer functions for productivity-related parameters were developed. Water quality data and surface sediment diatom assemblages from 53 lakes across the North and South Islands of New Zealand were analysed to determine species responses to the principal environmental gradients in the data set. Repeat sampling of water chemistry over a 12-month period enabled examination of species responses to annual means as well as means calculated for stratified and mixed periods. Variables found to be most strongly correlated with diatom species distributions were chlorophyll a (Chl a), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ionic concentration (measured as electrical conductivity (EC)) and pH. These variables were used to develop diatom-based transfer functions using weighted averaging regression and calibration (simple, tolerance down-weighted and with partial least squares algorithm applied). Overall, models derived for stratified means were weaker than those using annual or isothermal means. For specific variables, the models derived for the isothermal mean of EC (WA-tol r²_jack = 0.79; RMSEP = 0.15 log₁₀ S cm^–1),the annual mean of pH (WA r²_jack = 0.72; RMSEP = 0.25 pH units) and the isothermal mean of Chl a (WA r²_jack = 0.71; RMSEP = 0.18 log₁₀ mg m^–3 Chl a) performed best. The models derived for TP were weak in comparison (for the annual mean of TP: WA r²_jack = 0.50; RMSEP = 0.24 log₁₀ mg m^–3 TP) and residuals on estimates for this model were correlated with several other water quality variables, suggesting confounding of species responses to TP concentrations. The model derived for the isothermal mean of DRP was relatively strong (WA-tol r²_jack = 0.78; RMSEP = 0.17 log₁₀ mg m^–3 DRP); however, residual values for this model were also found to be strongly correlated with several other water quality variables. It is concluded that the poor performance of the TP and DRP transfer functions relative to that of the Chl a model reflects the coexistence of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation within the lakes in the data set. In spite of this, the suite of transfer functions developed from the training set is regarded as a valuable addition to palaeolimnological studies in NewZealand.     

农作物分布对南水北调受水区域陆面过程模拟的影响

本文将中国陆面覆盖资料(CLCV)与全球农作物分布资料融合,获取了一套包含小麦、玉米和水稻这些农作 物分布的陆面覆盖资料(CLCV- 3C),并将该陆面覆盖资料以及CLCV 应用于陆面模式CLM针对南水北调受水区域 的数值模拟试验以探讨该区域农作物分布对陆面能量水分过程模拟的影响。结果显示,与原来没有区分这三种主 要农作物分布相比,考虑农作物分布后,小麦区模拟的多年平均净辐射、感热、径流会增加,而蒸散发会减少;玉米 区和水稻区的多年平均净辐射、感热、蒸散发均会增加,而径流会减少。这些研究表明,农作物分布对南水北调受水 区域陆面水分能量过程有不可忽视的影响。     

Structural control of geothermal reservoirs in extensional tectonic settings: An example from the Upper Rhine Graben

In extensional tectonic settings major structural elements such as graben boundary faults are typically oriented subparallel to the maximum horizontal stress component S_Hmax. They are often structurally accompanied by transfer zones that trend subparallel to the extension direction. In the Upper Rhine Graben, such transfer faults are typically characterized by strike-slip or oblique-slip kinematics. A major re-orientation of the regional stress field by up to 90° of the Upper Rhine Graben in the Early Miocene led to the present-day normal and strike-slip faulting regimes in the North and South of the Upper Rhine Graben, respectively, and a transition zone in-between. Consequently, conditions for fault frictional failure changed significantly. Moreover, it has been observed during tracer and stimulation experiments that such transfer faults may be of major importance for the hydraulic field of geothermal reservoirs under the present stress condition, especially, when located between production and injection well.In this context we have investigated slip and dilation tendencies (T_S and T_D) of major structural elements at reservoir scale for two representative geothermal sites, Bruchsal (Germany) and Riehen (Switzerland), located close to the Eastern Main Boundary Fault of the Upper Rhine Graben. We have evaluated the quality and uncertainty range of both tendencies with respect to potential variation in S_Hmax orientation. Despite significant differences in orientation of the structures and the stress regimes, the resulting variation of T_S and T_D reveal major similarities concerning the reactivation potential of both, the graben-parallel structures and the transfer faults. The conditions of criticality for tensile failure and non-criticality for shear failure suggest that transfer faults are most likely naturally permeable structures with low stimulation potential. This is in agreement with the absence of both immediate tracer recovery and seismicity in the studied geothermal sites.     

深埋长隧洞前期勘查中工程地质调查与CSAMT异常分析

在南水北调西线一期工程玛柯河-贾曲段工程地质勘察过程中,充分利用地球物理资料,实现地质与地球物理的有机结合。依据区域地质条件、岩石电性特征和岩层的沉积环境,按电阻率的高低范围及变化特征将13 km长的CSAMT电阻率断面划分为4个不同部分进行解译,其中,断层破碎带的解释结果与野外岩石露头所反映的地质信息吻合较好。作为一项新物探技术,CSAMT法可为分析工程地质问题提供基础资料,具有较好的应用前景。     

Spatial variability of diatom assemblages in surface lake sediments and its implications for transfer functions

The variability of diatom species composition in lake surface sediments was studied along transects in four lakes in northeastern Germany. Three dimictic lakes (Dudinghausener See, Tiefer See, and Cambser See) and one shallow lake (Groß Peetscher See) were sampled. Large differences in diatom composition were found between adjoined samples from different depths within one lake. These differences were mainly displayed by planktonic species. For example, the relative frequency of Stephanodiscus alpinus varied between 4% and 43% within the surface sediment samples of the open-water region of Dudinghausener See. Using transfer functions for total phosphorus (TP) based on the European Diatom data-base (EDDI) combined TP data-set and a local data-set, the inferred TP values differed strongly within one lake when using Weighted Averaging-Partial Least Squares (WA-PLS) regression. In Tiefer See (average of measured TP: 30 μg l^?1), the inferred TP values range from 45 to 110 μg l^?1 using the transfer function based on WA-PLS regression and the EDDI data-set; and from 16 to 100 μg l^?1 using WA-PLS and a local data-set. Performing Maximum Likelihood (ML) regression reduced the difference between measured and inferred values. For Tiefer See, the inferred TP values range between 16 and 45 μg l^?1 using ML regression and the local data-set. Therefore, it seems that ML regression can deal better with the natural variability in species composition than WA-PLS regression. In general, it was shown that by using ML regression and the local data-set, the error of the inferred values was significant lower for all lakes than using WA-PLS regression and the EDDI data-set. The Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) was not useful in selecting the most stable transfer function.