Assessing the performance of a foraminifera-based transfer function to estimate sea-level changes in northern Portugal

We assessed the performance of a transfer function model for sea-level studies using salt-marsh foraminifera from two estuaries of northern Portugal. An independent data set of 12 samples and 13 sub-fossil samples from a core were used to evaluate if reconstructions and errors derived from current models are adequate. Initial transfer function models provided very strong results as indicated by cross-validation (component 2; r² = 0.80-0.82; RMSEP ranged from 10.7 to 12.3 cm) and improved its performance by ca. 10% when sample size reached ca. 50. Results derived using an independent test data set indicate that cross-validation is a very effective approach and produces conservative errors when compared to observed errors. We additionally explored the possible effect of transforming the concentration data into percent in the error estimations by comparing the results obtained based on the use of both concentration and compositional data. Results indicate that this type of transformation does not affect the performance of the transfer function. Results derived from a reconstruction of sub-fossil samples from a core indicate that high-resolution sea-level reconstructions are possible, but show that depositional environments have to be selected carefully in order to minimize the impact of possible taphonomical loss.     

大气激发和观测极移之间的转换变化分析

本文采用１９８４—１９９２年期间日本气象厅（ＪＡＭ）推算出的大气激发函数序列（χ１，χ２），和美国喷气推进实验室（ＪＰＬ）提供的Ｓｐａｃｅ９３极坐标序列经过反卷积而推出的测地激发函数（ψ１，ψ２）进行了比较。同时也比较了极移（ｘ，ｙ）和从大气激发序列归算出（经过卷积）激发极移（ｍ１，ｍ２）。     

Development of a diatom-based model for inferring total phosphorus in southeastern Australian water storages

Diatom-based transfer functions for inferring epilimnetic total phosphorus (TP) have been developed from a data set of 33 southeastern Australian water storages. Regular institutional monitoring of these sites has allowed comparison of models developed from TP data covering different time periods. A model based on mean annual TP performs better than models derived from winter maximum TP, spring minimum TP or TP nearest the time of diatom sampling. A mean annual TP model (WA-PLS 2 component) has a jack-knifed diatom-inferred versus measured TP correlation coefficient (r ² _jack) of 0.69 and a root-mean-square-error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.246 log₁₀g TP l^–1, while alternative models have RMSEP > 0.27. Deletion of two samples with uncharacteristic species composition and environmental conditions improved performance of the mean annual TP model (r ² _jack= 0.74; RMSEP = 0.233 log₁₀g TP l^–1). Comparison with other published diatom-TP calibration models indicates that this model performs relatively well, with possible contributing factors including the extensive characterisation of TP (with an average 15 determinations making up the annual mean) and the dominance of planktonic diatoms in most sites. Downcore application of the model will allow the reconstruction of reservoir nutrient histories since commissioning, and thus provide a basis for understanding and management of reservoirs.     

南水北调西线工程可调水量分析中几个主要问题的探讨

南水北调西线工程规划从长江上游的通天河、雅砻江、大渡河调水入黄河,以解决西北及华北部分地区的干旱缺水问题。调水工程可调水量是开展各项工作的基础。在现有资料的基础上,通过对引水坝址径流量、引水坝址上下游用水要求、水库下泄水量、工程规模等因素的分析,提出了各因素对可调水量的影响程度,并估算了各引水坝址适宜的可调水量。     

Fault kinematic and Plio-Quaternary paleostress evolution of the Bakırçay Basin,Western Turkey

ABSTRACT

At the end of the Cenozoic, western Turkey was fragmented by intense intra-continental tectonic deformation resulting in the formation of two extensional areas: a transtensional pull-apart basin systems in the northwest, and graben systems in the central and southwest areas. The question of the connection of this Late Cenozoic extensional tectonics to plate kinematics has long been an issue of discussion. This study presents the results of the fault slip data collected in Bak?rçay Basin in the west of Turkey and addresses changes in the direction of extensional stresses over the Plio-Quaternary. Field observations and quantitative analysis show that Bak?rçay Basin is not a simple graben basin that has evolved during a single phase. It started as a graben basin with extensional regime in the Pliocene and was transformed into a pull-apart basin under the influence of transtensional forces during the Quaternary. A chronology of two successive extensional episodes has been established and provides reasoning to constrain the timing and location of subduction-related back-arc tectonics along the Aegean region and collision-related extrusion tectonics in Turkey. The first NW–SE trending extension occurred during the Pliocene extensional phase, characterized by slab rollback and progressive steepening of the northward subduction of the African plate under the Anatolian Plate. Western Turkey has been affected, during the Middle Quaternary, by regional subsidence, and the direction of extension changed to N–S, probably in relation with the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault System. Since the Late Quaternary, NE–SW extension dominates northwest Turkey and results in the formation and development of elongated transtensional basin systems. Counterclockwise rotation of Anatolian block which is bounded to the north by the right-lateral strike-slip North Anatolian Fault System, accompanies to this extensional phase.     

塔木察格盆地南贝尔凹陷东次凹构造转换带与油气成藏关系

塔木察格盆地位于蒙古国东部,与中国的海拉尔盆地同属一个盆地,为叠置于兴蒙造山带之上的拉张一挤压型中新生代陆相断陷盆地.南贝尔凹陷位于海拉尔一塔木察格盆地中部断陷带的中部,面积为3 200 km2.南贝尔凹陷东次凹南一北洼槽构造转换带位于南贝尔凹陷东次凹中部,为反向聚敛叠覆型构造转换带,是重要的含油气构造带.转换带对油气...     

前陆沉积与变形对郯庐断裂带同造山运动的制约

郯庐断裂带两侧的前陆沉积及其变形现象,揭示了该断裂带同造山活动的大量信息。合肥盆地东侧的郯庐断裂带旁,侏罗系沉积时出现了沉降中心与边缘相,显示这期间郯庐断裂带所处的张八岭隆起已移位至盆地东侧。砂岩的端元组份分析与碎屑白云母的电子探针分析显示,下扬子地区弧形展布的黄马青群与象山群前陆沉积的物源区为大别——苏鲁造山带,属于原地沉积,表明造山期郯庐断裂带已经出现。大别与苏鲁造山带周边都出现了强烈的前陆褶皱冲断带。合肥盆地前侏罗系基底上印支期的逆冲断层,在郯庐断裂带旁侧明显增多,指示该断裂带曾发生过同造山活动。下扬子地区前陆构造走向向郯庐断裂带方向偏转,反映它们形成时受到了郯庐断裂带左旋走滑运动的影响。这一系列前陆沉积与变形特征,指示郯庐断裂带在华北与华南板块的碰撞造山中以陆内变换断层的型式出现。该断裂带造山期运动中,东盘为主动盘,并发生了显著的逆时针旋转。独特的徐宿弧形逆冲——推覆构造,表明造山期郯庐断裂带左行平移幅度达350km。在该断裂带早白垩世的第二次平移中,断裂带向北延伸,又发生了约200km的左行平移。     

南水北调东线一期工程对洪泽湖水生生物及生态环境影响的预测

南水北调东线一期工程实施后,作为输水沿线上最大调蓄湖泊的洪泽湖,其水位将提高0.5m,并趋于稳定。这一结果对该湖的水生生物及其生态环境方面产生一定的影响。研究结果表明,透明度,pH值在某些湖区将有所降低,而敞水区无变化;短时间调水,湖水中营养盐含量基本无改变,但长时间连续调水,无机氮化合物将增加,可溶性磷下降,浮游生物数量仅在局部湖区有增减,全湖无大的差异;腹足类下降而河蚬数量将增加;水生维管束植物全湖生物量将减少;敞水性的鱼类增加,草食性鱼类或以水生维管束植物为产卵基质的鱼产量将下降。     

The impact of the South–North Water Transfer Project (CTP)'s central route on groundwater table in the Hai River basin,North China

The central route of the South–North Water Transfer Project (CTP) is designed to divert approximately 9.5 billion m³ of water per year from the Han River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River, to the Hai River basin in the north China. The main purpose of this study is to assess the impact of CTP on groundwater table in the Hai River basin. Our study features a large‐scale distributed hydrological model that couples a physically based groundwater module, which is sub‐basin‐based, with a conceptual surface water module, which is grid‐based. There are several grids in each sub‐basin and water exchange among grid that are considered. Our model couples surface water module and groundwater module and calculates human water use at the same time. The simulation results indicate that even with the water supply by CTP, the groundwater table will continue to decline in the Hai River basin. However, the CTP water can evidently reduce the decline rate, helping alleviate groundwater overexploitation in Hai River region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modal identification of a centrifuge soil model using subspace state space method

In this paper, modal parameters of a layered soil system comprising of a soft clay layer overlying a dense sand layer are identified from accelerometer recordings in a centrifuge test. For the first time, the subspace state space system identification (4SID) method was employed to identify the natural frequencies, damping ratios, and complex valued mode shapes while considering the non-proportional damping in a soil system. A brief review of system identification concepts needed for application of the 4SID techniques to structural modal identification is provided in the paper. The identified natural frequencies were validated against those estimated by transfer function spectra. The computed normal mode shapes were compared with closed-form solutions obtained from the one-dimensional shear wave propagation equation. The identified modal parameters were then employed to synthesize state space prediction models which were subsequently used to simulate the soil response to three successive base motions. The identified models captured acceleration time-histories and corresponding Fourier spectra reasonably well in the small and moderate shaking events. In the stronger third shaking event, the model performed well at greater soil depths, but was less accurate near the surface where nonlinearities dominated.