Transition from wavelets to ripples in a laboratory flume with a diverging channel

An experimental investigation on the initiation and development of bed forms on a bed of fine silica sand was conducted under alluvial flow conditions in a laboratory flume with a diverging channel. The main aims of the study were to assess： i） the steepness of bed forms in the transition stage of development; and ii） the threshold height of wavelets （ηt） that triggered the start of ripple development. Detailed bed profile measurements were carried out using an acoustic Doppler probe, traversed longitudinally over the sediment bed at various experimentation times. The bed form dimensions were extracted from such bed profile records and analysed for the wavelet, transition and equilibrium stages. It was found that the steepness of ripples in the transition and equilibrium stages were similar, confirming predictions of previous mathematical model simulations. A lognormal distribution fitted the wavelet length data. The wavelet threshold height was estimated as ηt ≈ 7 mm, or ηt≈ 80 in wall units. Such a height magnitude suggested that ripple development could be triggered by the wavelets reaching the outer flow zone of a turbulent boundary layer. The ηt value obtained corresponded generally to the intersection point between two predictive equations for bed form dimensions. A formulation was developed to predict ηt as a function of the sediment grain size, which was confirmed for the fine sand used in this study.     

气象场相关结构对EOFs展开稳定性的影响

本文从矩阵扰动理论出发,提出利用矩阵的范数(norm)作为度量气象场随机扰动的稳定性指标,并由此间接推估EOFs展开的稳定性。经理论论证、数值试验和实例计算表明,气象场的相关性越好,达到稳定相关结构所需样本越小,由此得到的EOFs稳定性也越好,反之则不然。上述规律又直接受样本大小n和站点数目p的影响。对于不同的气象场来说,达到稳定EOFs的样本临界值不同,必须警惕EOFs展开有可能不是稳定的。     

再悬浮条件下沉积物内源磷迁移-转化机制研究进展

对沉积物再悬浮的驱动力及其耦合效应、再悬浮-内源磷迁移转化机制及主要影响因素进行了阐述,探讨了该领域未来可能的研究方向。相关研究发现,沉积物再悬浮的各种驱动力既可以单独作用也可相互耦合,其耦合效应具有显著的时空变异性;再悬浮使还原态沉积物暴露于有氧环境,沉积物中铁、锰的氧化以及沉积物颗粒的吸附促进了内源水溶态无机磷(SRP)的去除,而进入水体的内源有机磷则通过生物矿化和光化学分解转化为SRP;沉积物物化特征、水动力、水生生物以及水体理化性质等因素控制着再悬浮过程中内源磷的迁移和转化。指出再悬浮条件下沉积物内源磷迁移转化的多过程耦合效应、沉积物中磷形态的转化及其生物有效性、内源有机磷矿化与光化学分解机制及其调控因素将是本领域需要进一步研究的重点。     

Effects of differing coverage of moss‐dominated soil crusts on hydrological processes and implications for disturbance in the Mu Us Sandland,China

To study the effects of biological soil crusts (BSCs) on hydrological processes and their implications for disturbance in the Mu Us Sandland, the water infiltration, evaporation and soil moisture of high coverage (100% BSCs), middle coverage (40% BSCs) and low coverage (0% BSCs, bare sand) of moss‐dominated crusts were conducted in this study, respectively. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the main effects of moss‐dominated crusts in the Mu Us Sandland on the infiltration of rainwater were to reduce the infiltration depths and to retain the limited rainwater in shallow soil; (2) moss‐dominated crusts have no significant effects on daily evaporation when the volumetric water content at 4 cm depth in 100% BSCs (VWC4) was over 24.7%, on enhanced daily evaporation when the VWC4 ranged from 6.5% to 24.7% and on reduced daily evaporation when the VWC4 was less than 6.5%; and (3) decreasing the coverage of moss‐dominated crusts (from 100% to 40%) did not significantly change its effects on infiltration, evaporation and soil moisture. Our results demonstrated that for the growth and regeneration of shrubs, which were dominated by Artemisia ordosica in the Mu Us Sandland, high coverage of moss‐dominated crusts has negative effects on hydrological processes, and these negative effects could not be significantly reduced by decreasing the coverage of moss‐dominated crusts from 100% to 40%. Therefore, for the sustained and healthy development of shrub communities in the Mu Us Sandland, it is necessary to take appropriate measures for the well‐developed BSCs in the sites with high vegetation coverage in the rainy season. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加拿大北方森林火烧迹地遥感分析

森林火灾是加拿大北方森林地区最主要的扰动因素,对北方生态系统起着主导作用。基于MODIS数据,采用全球扰动指数算法(MGDI),对加拿大萨斯喀彻温省和亚伯达省2004-2011年的森林火烧迹地进行检测和分析。通过与MODIS标准火烧迹地产品以及加拿大林业局数据进行比较,扰动指数算法检测的火烧迹地面积比MODIS标准产品更接近于林业局的统计数据。分析表明,在2004-2011年间,由于火灾原因,整个研究区森林面积平均每年减少76.36万hm2,占该区域森林总面积的3.36%。萨斯喀彻温省平均每年燃烧的森林面积为46.83万hm2,亚伯达省为29.53万hm2。其中,2006、2008、2010和2011年是火灾的高峰年份。火烧迹地主要集中在生态交错带的北方保护区、针叶林保护区、针叶林平原区,以及北方平原东北部的伍德布法罗国家森林保护区。     

捷联式航空重力扰动矢量解算及误差补偿

介绍捷联式航空重力矢量测量的基本原理,利用波数相关滤波（WCF）、比力线性校正的方法对重力扰动的水平和垂向分量进行误差补偿,评定内符合精度。对国产捷联式航空重力矢量仪的某次试验数据进行处理,以验证和评估航空重力矢量仪的性能。结果表明,在半波长分辨率为7.5 km时,6条重复测线的重力扰动水平分量经波数相关滤波处理后,东、北向分量的平均内符合精度分别从9.77 mGal、9.18 mGal提高到5.95 mGal、3.83 mGal;对比力的垂向分量线性校正后,将解算的重力扰动垂向分量再用WCF方法处理,其平均内符合精度从1.27 mGal提高到0.59 mGal。     

日本Ms9.0地震前的重力高频扰动

选取中国重力台网14台gPhone弹簧重力仪组成2个观测剖面,对日本本州东海岸附近海域Ms9.0特大地震前（3月1日至10日）的观测数据进行了分析。结果表明：沿海各台站统一出现了喇叭口状的“重力异常扰动”现象,且扰动异常随震中距的增加呈衰减趋势。     

Biodiversity and invasibility: Distribution patterns of invasive plant species in the Himalayas,Nepal

Invasive plant species are exerting a serious threat to biological diversity in many regions of the world. To understand plant invasions this study aims to test which of the two plant invasiveness hypotheses; ‘low native diversity' vs. ‘high native diversity', is supported by the regional distribution patterns of invasive plant species in the Himalayas,Nepal. This study is based on data retrieved from published literatures and herbarium specimens. The relationship between invasive plant species distribution patterns and that of native plant species is elucidated by scatter plots, as well as by generalized linear models. The native plant species and invasive plant species have similar distribution patterns and the maximum number of invasive plant species is found in the same altitudinal range where the highest richness for native tree species is found. There is a clear trend of higher invasive plant richness in regions where native tree species richness is relatively high.Consequently, the native plant richness is highest in the central phytogeographic region, followed by the eastern and the western regions, respectively. The invasive plant species also follows a similar trend.Additionally, the invasive plant species richness was positively correlated with anthropogenic factors such as human population density and the number of visiting tourists. This study supports the hypothesis that ‘high native diversity' supports or facilitates invasive plant species. Further, it indicates that nativeand invasive plant species may require similar natural conditions, but that the invasive plant species seem more dependent and influenced by anthropogenic disturbance factors.     

用同相叠加方法识别定点形变数据中的降雨影响

分别以昆明台、云龙台为例,用数据同相位叠加的方法分别对形变数据中的典型图像及其对应时段的降雨数据进行叠加,以判断典型图像是否与降雨有关。结果表明,昆明台形变观测中多次出现的同步转折为降雨影响;而云龙台的转折现象则与降雨无关,其来源及属性需要进一步研究。