一株甲胺磷高效降解菌——巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)的分离及其分子鉴定

湘潭南天化工厂的甲胺磷废水未经处理直接排放,对湘江及下游的湖泊造成了一定的污染,利用解磷微生物去除江河湖泊中的甲胺磷污染是一条有效的途径.本文作者从被该厂甲胺磷废水污染的湖泊中分离细菌样品,以甲胺磷为唯一碳源和能源,经过定向筛选,得到一株可高效降解甲胺磷的菌株HN001.气相色谱测定结果表明,此菌株对甲胺磷的降解率在48h和96h分别为49.24%和98.20%.对其进行了常规生理生化测试,结果表明,该菌株与巨大芽孢杆菌的表型特征非常相似.为了进一步确定HN001的分类学地位,测定了其16S rRNA基因序列,分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性,构建了分子系统发生树,结果表明菌株HN001与巨大芽孢杆菌的亲缘关系最近.综合上述结果,菌株HN001可鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium).     

Characterization of some bacterial strains isolated from the Egyptian eastern and northern coastlines with antimicrobial activity of Bacillus zhangzhouensis OMER4

Marine microorganisms were considered to be important sources of marine bioactive compounds. The major objective of the study was to isolate and characterize bacteria with antimicrobial activities from the various marine environment of Egypt. In this respect, thirty-five bacterial isolates were recovered from sediment samples collected from different spots along the Egyptian Red Sea coastline and Alexandria coastline during the summer season of 2017 and 2018. According to the morphological, phys...     

地衣芽孢杆菌对亚硒酸盐的还原

利用高硒碳质泥岩中筛选出的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformi),研究了该菌对亚硒酸盐硒的耐受与还原行为。结果表明,液体培养基(YEG)中,它能耐受320 mM亚硒酸盐硒的浓度,耐受硒酸盐硒的浓度可高达1000 mM。然而,高浓度的亚硒酸盐硒对它的生长有明显的抑制作用。在有氧和厌氧的环境中,地衣芽孢杆菌均能还原亚硒酸盐中的硒:将四价硒还原为纳米球状的元素硒颗粒,使其分布在菌体的周边和细胞内。在含5 mM亚硒酸钠的液体培养基中,还原亚硒酸钠硒成为元素硒的平均效率约为42%。地衣芽孢杆菌在生存环境无严格要求的条件下,其还原亚硒酸盐硒形成纳米元素硒颗粒的现象,是研究生物合成低毒的纳米活性元素硒和生物修复硒污染技术的基础,也为硒的微生物矿化过程提供了契机。     

Investigation of microbial influences on seafloor gas-hydrate formations

Microbial communities flourish at gas hydrate occurrences in ocean sediments. Studies are reported in this paper on the laboratory production, separation, characterization and hydrate catalysis of biosurfactants from cultures of the Bacillus subtilis bacterium associated with Gulf of Mexico gas-hydrate accumulations. The B. subtilis bacterium from ATCC 21332 species was cultured anaerobically with glucose as carbon-source to produce surfactin, one of the more potent surface active agents known. The surface-active agent was removed from the broth in foam created by bubbling inert gas through the mixture, and biosurfactant was then recovered from the collapsed-foam distilled water solution by acid precipitation and dichloromethane extraction. According to HPLC spectra, five surfactin isomers were identified in the sample of laboratory-generated biosurfactant. Recovered surfactin was then used to perform gas-hydrate formation studies in porous media saturated with the surfactin-water solution. Gas-hydrate induction time and formation rate determinations showed that the anaerobically-produced biosurfactants catalyzed hydrate formation markedly. The tests suggest prolific surfactin production by the B. subtilis bacterium and of other species under prevailing anaerobic conditions around seafloor gas hydrates that promotes hydrate formation and the propensity of the bioproduct to be dispersed in the porous media by natural gas vents.     

海洋生境芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)的培养条件及产生的胞外抗菌蛋白

测试了4株海洋芽孢杆菌的培养条件对其产生抗菌蛋白的影响;提取的粗蛋白的性质以及对6种病原指示菌的抑菌活性,结果表明,4株海洋芽孢杆菌在2216E,EMB,CM培养液;15～35℃;NaCl浓度0%～5%;pH3～9的条件下均能生长,适宜生长温度20～28℃;NaCl浓度1%～3%;pH5～8.菌株分别培养84～108h抑菌活性最强.(NH₄)₂SO₄沉淀抗菌粗蛋白的最适饱和度为50%～70%.粗蛋白对病原菌尤其对病原真菌具有强烈的抑制作用.粗蛋白性质稳定,对高温和蛋白酶不敏感.     

Five new species of Halacaridae (Acari) from New Zealand

In the Cape Rodney to Okari Point Marine Reserve, Goat Island Bay, Auckland, New Zealand, several halacarids were collected on an intertidal flat. The mites were found associated with encrusting bryozoans, sponges, and lithothamnia. Five mites—Rhombognathus lacunosus n.sp., Rhombognathus fractus n.sp., Halacarus nitidus n.sp., Agauopsis similis n.sp., and Agaue insignata n.sp.—are described, illustrated, and compared with related species.     

红树林海洋细菌PLM4抑制肿瘤细胞生长活性多糖的纯化及结构分析

红树林海洋短小芽孢杆菌Bacillus pumilus（PLM4）的发酵液对人喉癌细胞Hep-2、肝癌细胞BEL-7404和舌癌细胞TCA8123的生长抑制活性分别为63．6％、59．2％和61．5％。PLM4发酵液经乙醇沉淀和凝胶柱层析纯化可得到多糖纯品。采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法测定其分子量和纯度,硫酸-咔唑法、2,4-二硝基苯肼比色法、氯化钡明胶比色法、茚三酮反应和气相色谱法等测定其组分。采用红外光谱分析、高碘酸氧化和Smith降解等方法研究其结构。结果表明,该多糖分子量为116kd,由己糖醛酸、甘露糖、葡萄糖和丙酮酸组成,其摩尔比为31：19：6：1,不含硫酸、乙酸和蛋白质。平均每100个己糖基中含有约42个1→3糖苷键、42个1→6糖苷键和／或非还原末端基、13．5个1→2糖苷键和2．5个1→4糖苷键。     

细菌在黏土矿物表面吸附量测定方法的优化

土壤微生物与矿物的吸附作用在矿物风化过程中具有重要的意义。为了优化细菌在矿物表面吸附量的测定方法,本文以胶质芽孢杆菌和蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石为实验材料,对吸附在矿物表面的细菌数量的测定方法进行了研究。结果表明,利用茚三酮作为显色剂测定细菌蛋白质含量的方法可以获得可靠的细菌数量;以2000rpm转数离心10min可以有效地将矿物-细菌复合体与游离态细菌、矿物分开;3种矿物对胶质芽孢杆菌的吸附能力大小顺序为:蒙脱石伊利石高岭石;矿物的比表面积、沉淀速率和表面所带电荷数量以及细菌细胞活性是影响吸附量的主要因素;黏土矿物与细菌之间的吸附作用力主要来自阳离子桥。     

胶质芽孢杆菌3027对钙基蒙脱石的矿物结构影响

粘土矿物在地球表层分布广泛,与微生物的交互作用十分常见。微生物能否通过除还原Fe(Ⅲ)之外的其他途径影响贫铁蒙脱石的结构与物相,成为粘土矿物与微生物交互作用的新问题。本研究选取胶质芽孢杆菌Bacillus mucilaginosus 3027与钙基蒙脱石在35℃、常压条件下进行交互作用实验,考察胶质芽孢杆菌生命活动对蒙脱石晶体结构的影响。实验定期取样进行pH值与体系总蛋白含量测试,并利用显微傅里叶变换红外光谱(micro-FTIR)、同步辐射X射线近边吸收结构(XANES)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对最终产物进行矿物学表征。实验结果显示,胶质芽孢杆菌在蒙脱石矿物悬浊液中生长,代谢分泌大量有机酸导致体系pH值降低,使蒙脱石中Si元素溶出,并造成蒙脱石晶体结构中硅氧四面体对称性、O—H振动等发生变化,Fe配位八面体对称性下降,矿物表面出现边缘卷曲现象。在微生物作用后的矿物样品中,探测到新形成的α-石英物相,可能与微生物的活动密切相关。     

地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)对镉胁迫下泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)的抗氧化酶活性和免疫相关基因表达的影响

本文研究一株地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)对提高泥蚶耐受镉(Cd2+)胁迫的作用,实验分析了不同浓度地衣芽孢杆菌对Cd2+胁迫下泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)的存活率及组织中Cd残留量的影响;同时比较了地衣芽孢杆菌作用前后,泥蚶体内两类抗氧化酶,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,进一步通过Real-time PCR分析了三类免疫相关基因金属硫蛋白(MT)、小热休克蛋白分子(sHSP)和铁蛋白(ferritin)的表达情况。研究结果显示,地衣芽孢杆菌能降低泥蚶组织中Cd残留量,提高其存活率。并能有效促进泥蚶体内SOD和GSH-Px酶活性的增加,同时降低MT、sHSP和ferritin在mRNA水平上的表达。数据表明该地衣芽胞杆菌可通过调节泥蚶的免疫系统,起到降低Cd2+对泥蚶毒害的作用。