我国煤炭资源主要工业指标应用问题研究

矿床工业指标的运用直接关系到矿体的圈定、勘查类型的划分、资源储量类别的确定和资源储量总量。作为煤炭资源大国,我国现行煤炭资源工业指标存在不尽合理的问题,它将影响到资源利用率评价数据的可靠性,给矿产资源储量监督管理工作带来不便。通过分析现行规范推荐的一般工业指标存在的主要问题,指出了目前工业指标管理中存在的漏洞。认为目前亟待制订科学合理、适时有效的工业指标,据此估算资源储量,掌控我国煤炭资源家底,以实施有效的煤炭资源监督。修定新的煤炭工业指标应有利于指导勘查单位合理地圈定资源储量,并对维护矿产资源国家所有权益、促进矿产资源积极作用和综合利用、提高矿政管理水平发挥积极作用。     

声波钻进技术的发展及其应用

声波钻进是在各种覆盖层中采集连续岩心样品的有效手段。叙述了声波钻进技术的发展情况、工作原理、设备操作、优越性和用途，并且对我国研发此项技术提出了建议。     

A method for calculating effective bulk composition modification due to crystal fractionation in garnet-bearing schist: implications for isopleth thermobarometry

Quantitative P–T path determination in metamorphic rocks is commonly based on the variation in composition of growth‐zoned garnet. However, some component of growth zoning in garnet is necessarily the result of an effective bulk composition change within the rock that has been generated by crystal fractionation of components into the core of garnet. Therefore, any quantitative calculation of the P–T regime of garnet growth should be completed using an accurate assessment of the composition of the chemical system from which garnet is growing. Consequently, a method for calculating the extent of crystal fractionation that provides a means of estimating the composition of the unfractionated rock at any stage during garnet growth is developed. The method presented here applies a Rayleigh fractionation model based on measured Mn content of garnet to generate composition v. modal proportion curves for garnet, and uses those curves to estimate the vectors of crystal fractionation. The technique is tested by calculating the precision of the equilibrium between three garnet compositional variables within the chemical system determined to be appropriate for each of a series of microprobe analyses from garnet. Application of the fractionation calculations in conjunction with the P–T estimates based on intersecting compositional isopleths provides a means of calculating P–T conditions of garnet growth that is based on individual point‐analyses on a garnet grain. Such spatially precise and easily obtainable P–T data allow for detailed parallel studies of the microstructural, the P–T, and the chemical evolution of metamorphosed pelites. This method provides a means of studying the dynamics of orogenic systems at a resolution that was previously unattainable.     

华夏陆块闽西南坳陷二叠系含有机质页岩组成及赋气孔隙特征

华夏陆块从早古生代以来,经历了多期推覆与伸展构造的叠加。文中对华夏陆块闽西南仙亭、曲斗等地区/矿区附近及井下所采集的含有机质页岩样品进行实验测试,分析了有机质参数、矿物组成及赋气孔隙参数,将对中国华夏陆块闽西南二叠系页岩的储层特征研究及页岩气勘探前景预测提供理论依据。研究结果表明：(1)采用TOC残余碳分析实验、荧光显微镜及显微镜光度计实验等,认为闽西南二叠系页岩含碳量中等,为0.15%~2.71%;有机质成熟度高,为3.51%~4.33%。(2)储层矿物组成方面,利用X射线衍射实验进行全岩分析,结果显示黏土矿物占38.2%~49.6%,含量较高,主要为伊利石,含少量的绿泥石、蒙皂石;常见非黏土矿物主要为石英,均占45%以上;钾长石和斜长石含量较少,占1%~2.3%。(3)储层孔渗性方面：有效孔隙度为0.3%~11.4%,渗透率为(0.006 5~0.987)×10-3μm2;利用低温液氮吸附实验等对纳米级孔隙进行分析,认为部分小孔(2~50 nm)的孔容、比表面积较大,其次为微孔(小于2 nm)和大孔(大于50 nm)。此外,累计比表面积和累计孔容呈现出较好的正相关性,纳米孔隙累计比表面积、累计孔容与孔径之间的关系表明,闽西南二叠系页岩气主要赋存于微孔和小于10 nm的小孔中。依照页岩储层评价标准,闽西南二叠系海陆交互相页岩在有机质丰富、有机质成熟度、页岩厚度、矿物组成、孔隙结构等方面符合页岩气开发最低标准,具有勘探开发前景。     

光性矿物检索鉴定程序设计原理与应用

计算机技术常应用到镜下鉴定光性矿物工作中,本文以Visual Basic为工具开发出用于镜下鉴定矿物的辅助分析程序,介绍了光性矿物鉴定程序的设计原理和使用方法,包括矿物属性分析及赋值、鉴定误差减小方法及其应用。在光性矿物镜下鉴定时输入所观察矿物全部或部分光学性质,通过程序计算与比较,显示出最可能的查询矿物。矿物检索以贵橄榄石为例,在输入正确光性矿物属性的前提下,可准确地得出鉴定结果,有效地提高了镜下矿物鉴定的效率和准确度;查询结果中配有详细图片和属性描述,可以进一步查询矿物的详细光学性质、成因产状及其他鉴定特征;此外鉴定分析程序也可以用于建立矿物信息数据库。     

环境矿物材料治理镉（Cd^2＋）污染研究进展

近年来,环境矿物材料以其经济、有效、无二次污染等特点,在重金属废水处理和土壤修复方面显示出了众多优势,可替代传统的镉污染处理方法。本文综述了国内外环境矿物材料在处理镉污染方面的研究进展,并对今后应用环境矿物材料治理镉污染提出了一些建议。     

钱家店铀矿床表生含氧含铀流体与深层酸性含烃流体的耦合成矿作用——来自岩心蚀变矿物填图的证据

以岩心光谱蚀变矿物填图为主要研究手段,结合野外地质编录、偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针能谱分析、氢氧同位素测试等方法,对开鲁盆地钱家店砂岩型铀矿床85个有效钻孔岩心开展了系统的蚀变矿物填图和矿物学研究。结果表明:①主要含矿层上白垩统姚家组蚀变矿物主要有黏土矿物(高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石、伊/蒙混层及局部绿泥石)、铁的三价氧化物、黄铁矿、碳酸盐(方解石、白云石、铁白云石)等,它们呈现明显的分带特征:氧化带为高含量的"高岭石+Fe³⁺氧化物"组合、过渡带为中等含量的"高岭石+蒙脱石(伊/蒙混层)"+高含量的"黄铁矿+铁白云石"组合;还原带则主要为高含量的"蒙脱石(伊/蒙混层)+伊利石+黄铁矿"组合,矿体主要分布在氧化-还原过渡带和高岭石变化的梯度带上,并见有明显的高岭石、黄铁矿、铁白云石富集。②含氧含铀流体主要来自于WS、WN方向,其次为ES方向(也可能是WS向流体的分支),酸性含烃流体主要来自于NE向的断裂构造,流体温度介于40～120℃,两种不同性质流体的耦合作用是该地区的主成矿作用。③主成矿事件应发生在白兴吐"天窗"构造隆升之后,构造天窗在成矿系统中主要承担着还原...     

浅议浅黄色花岗岩板材在高温条件下变色因素

奇台县菊花黄花岗岩板材,经高温氧-乙炔喷焰烧后呈褐红色薄膜状石材板,使其经济价值增加80%.菊花黄花岗岩板材中的钾长石矿物经高温氧-乙炔喷焰烧后,当其受热达到一定的温度时褐黄色微斜长石中所含的低价铁氧化物中的2价铁离子变为3价铁离子,使岩石的颜色由黄色转化为褐红色,微斜长石由三斜晶系向稳定的单斜晶系转变,由于高于900℃高温作用石材表面时间短,故能在石材表面形成厚约1mm左右的红色薄膜.经褪色强化实验,从理论上推测该红色薄膜石材在大气条件下可保持10年以上不褪色.     

Development and Utilization of the World’s and China’s Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

Bulk mineral resources of iron ores, copper ores, bauxite, lead ores, zinc ores and potassium salt play a pivotal role on the world’s and China’s economic development. This study analyzed and predicted their resources base and potential, development and utilization and their world’s and China’s supply and demand situation in the future 20 years. The supply and demand of these six bulk mineral products are generally balanced, with a slight surplus, which will guarantee the stability of the international mineral commodity market supply. The six mineral resources(especially iron ores and copper ores) are abundant and have a great potential, and their development and utilization scale will gradually increase. Till the end of 2014, the reserveproduction ratio of iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc ores and potassium salt was 95 years, 42 years, 100 years, 17 years, 37 years and 170 years, respectively. Except lead ores, the other five types all have reserve-production ratio exceeding 20 years, indicative of a high resources guarantee degree. If the utilization of recycled metals is counted in, the supply of the world’s six mineral products will exceed the demand in the future twenty years. In 2015–2035, the supply of iron ores, refined copper, primary aluminum, refined lead, zinc and potassium salt will exceed their demand by 0.4–0.7 billion tons(Gt), 5.0–6.0 million tons(Mt), 1.1–8.9 Mt, 1.0–2.0 Mt, 1.2–2.0 Mt and 4.8–5.6 Mt, respectively. It is predicted that there is no problem with the supply side of bulk mineral products such as iron ores, but local or structural shortage may occur because of geopolitics, monopoly control, resources nationalism and trade friction. Affected by China’s compressed industrialized development model, the demand of iron ores(crude steel), potassium salt, refined lead, refined copper, bauxite(primary aluminum) and zinc will gradually reach their peak in advance. The demand peak of iron ores(crude steel) will reach around 2015, 2016 for potassium salt, 2020 for refined lead, 2021 for bauxite(primary aluminum), 2022 for refined copper and 2023 for zinc. China’s demand for iron ores(crude steel), bauxite(primary aluminum) and zinc in the future 20 years will decline among the world’s demand, while that for refined copper, refined lead and potassium salt will slightly increase. The demand for bulk mineral products still remains high. In 2015–2035, China’s accumulative demand for iron ores(crude steel) will be 20.313 Gt(13.429 Gt), 0.304 Gt for refined copper, 2.466 Gt(0.616 Gt) of bauxite(primary aluminum), 0.102 Gt of refined lead, 0.138 Gt of zinc and 0.157 Gt of potassium salt, and they account for the world’s YOY(YOY) accumulative demand of 35.17%, 51.09%, 48.47%, 46.62%, 43.95% and 21.84%, respectively. This proportion is 49.40%, 102.52%, 87.44%, 105.65%, 93.62% and 106.49% of that in 2014, respectively. From the supply side of China’s bulk mineral resources, it is forecasted that the accumulative supply of primary(mine) mineral products in 2015–2035 is 4.046 Gt of iron ores, 0.591 Gt of copper,1.129 Gt of bauxite, 63.661 Mt of(mine) lead, 0.109 Gt of(mine) zinc and 0.128 Gt of potassium salt, which accounts for 8.82%, 13.92%, 26.67%, 47.09%, 33.04% and 15.56% of the world’s predicted YOY production, respectively. With the rapid increase in the smelting capacity of iron and steel and alumina, the rate of capacity utilization for crude steel, refined copper, alumina, primary aluminum and refined lead in 2014 was 72.13%, 83.63%, 74.45%, 70.76% and 72.22%, respectively. During 2000–2014, the rate of capacity utilization for China’s crude steel and refined copper showed a generally fluctuating decrease, which leads to an insufficient supply of primary mineral products. It is forecasted that the supply insufficiency of iron ores in 2015–2035 is 17.44 Gt, 0.245 Gt of copper in copper concentrates, 1.337 Gt of bauxite, 38.44 Mt of lead in lead concentrates and 29.19 Mt of zinc in zinc concentrates. China has gradually raised the utilization of recycled metals, which has mitigated the insufficient supply of primary metal products to some extent. It is forecasted that in 2015–2035 the accumulative utilization amount of steel scrap(iron ores) is 3.27 Gt(5.08 Gt), 70.312 Mt of recycled copper, 0.2 Gt of recycled aluminum, 48 Mt of recycled lead and 7.7 Mt of recycled zinc. The analysis on the supply and demand situation of China’s bulk mineral resources in 2015–2035 suggests that the supply-demand contradiction for these six types of mineral products will decrease, indicative of a generally declining external dependency. If the use of recycled metal amount is counted in, the external dependency of China’s iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and potassium salt will be 79%, 65%, 26%, 8%, 16% and 18% in 2014, respectively. It is predicted that this external dependency will decrease to 62%, 64%, 20%,-0.93%, 16% and 14% in 2020, respectively, showing an overall decreasing trend. We propose the following suggestions correspondingly.(1) The demand peak of China’s crude steel and potassium salt will reach during 2015–2023 in succession. Mining transformation should be planned and deployed in advance to deal with the arrival of this demand peak.(2) The supply-demand contradiction of China’s bulk mineral resources will mitigate in the future 20 years, and the external dependency will decrease accordingly. It is suggested to adjust the mineral resources management policies according to different minerals and regions, and regulate the exploration and development activities.(3) China should further establish and improve the forced mechanism of resolving the smelting overcapacity of steel, refined copper, primary aluminum, lead and zinc to really achieve the goal of "reducing excess production capacity".(4) In accordance with the national strategic deployment of "One Belt One Road", China should encourage the excess capacity of steel, copper, alumina and primary aluminum enterprises to transfer to those countries or areas with abundant resources, high energy matching degree and relatively excellent infrastructure. Based on the national conditions, mining condition and geopolitics of the resources countries, we will gradually build steel, copper, aluminum and lead-zinc smelting bases, and potash processing and production bases, which will promote the excess capacity to transfer to the overseas orderly.(5) It is proposed to strengthen the planning and management of renewable resources recycling and to construct industrial base of renewable metal recycling.(6) China should promote the comprehensive development and utilization of paragenetic and associated mineral species to further improve the comprehensive utilization of bulk mineral resources.     

钇易解石族的端员—钛钇易解石的发现

本矿物为新发现的钇易解石族的端员矿物－钛钇易解石，产于江西省龙南县足洞燕山期中粒白云母花岗岩及其风化壳中。矿物属斜方晶系，常呈板状或短柱状，为天然晶质体，浅黄色，粒度为０．０７５ｍｍ，硬度４．７，比重４．７３，二轴正晶，Ｎｇ＝２．２４８，Ｎｍ＝２．２１２，Ｎｐ＝２．１９４，Ｎｇ－Ｎｐ＝０．０５４，２Ｖ＝７０°。空间群为Ｄ＾１６２ｈ－Ｐｍｎｂ，ａ０＝０．７５０ｎｍ，ｂ０＝１．０９２ｎｍ，Ｃ０＝０．５