热带对流活动对热带内外地区环流季内遥相关变化的作用

基于ＥＣＭＷＦ客观分析资料，本文采用诊断分析的方法研究了１９８３／１９８４和１９８６／１９８７两年冬季季内３０—６０ｄ低频域中热带对流与热带外环流以及低频扰动动能频散之间的关系。结果表明，热带对流强度上的差异可以造成热带内外地区季内遥相关波列以及低频波能频散上的差别。热带对流作用可以是联系热带内外地区季内遥相关作用的一个重要的衔接因子。     

两类厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）事件对河南夏季降水的影响

根据厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)事件发生以后冬季赤道东太平洋海温距平的月际差，将厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)事件分为冬季增强和减弱型，并分析了两种类型和河南省夏季降水之间的关系及影响原因。     

平流层臭氧对人类活动排放氯化物及氮氧化物的非线性响应

利用本文所建立的平流层下部臭氧异相光化学系统,研究硫酸气溶胶表面积浓度以及氯化物和氮氧化物的排放强度对系统状态的影响.光化系统由19种分别来自氧族、氢族、氮族、氯族和碳族的化学成分组成.研究结果指出,仅就气溶胶而言,它不是一个重要的决定光化系统行为的因子.然而,当它与奇氯ClOx或奇氮NOx的外源共同影响系统时,通过复杂的非线性光化学过程,它将使系统的行为发生重大变化.可以看到,在某些确定的参数范围内,系统存在多平衡态解,并构成一个“折叠"突变流型.     

塔里木盆地红外增温现象与地震关系的初步探讨

利用NOAA卫星热红外遥感图像对新疆塔里木盆地进行研究,对比分析发生在塔里木盆地周边的2次中强地震,结果发现在震前1个月内均有不同程度的红外增温现象。这两次增温现象的分布范围、异常持续时间和地震三要素的关系不明确。2003年2月在巴楚县东部上空出现的增温现象,形态呈放射状,地点相对固定,在时间上具有连续性,分析认为该现象可能和伽师-巴楚MS6.8地震有关。而1999年1月托克逊MS5.6地震前出现的增温现象主要表现为边界清晰、色调均匀的高温雾状物,其分布地点与未来震中位置无关,却始终沿塔里木盆地边缘分布,认为很可能是与地震无关的大气逆温现象。以上震例说明塔里木盆地出现的红外辐射增温现象,并不完全与孕震机制有关。如何对震前红外辐射异常与大气自然现象进行有效甄别,还需要根据增温出现的季节、地形地貌环境,以及增温区演化特征来判断。     

基于特征基元的空间数据计算模式及其地学应用

将地学计算的定义外延为空间数据计算,对空间数据计算的基本单元问题进行了初步的探讨,提出了基于特征基元的空间数据计算一般模式,并根据计算行为模式及计算侧重点的不同,将空间数据计算过程分为深度计算与主动计算,总结了“数据→特征→知识”的一般计算过程,并就此进行阐释。根据地理实体的形态和功能过程的不同来刻画形态和功能过程差异的空间数据,将地学空间数据划分为反映固态基质信息的陆地空间数据、反映液态基质信息的陆地水文空间数据、反映液态基质信息的海洋流体空间数据和反映气态基质信息的大气流体空间数据四类。基于陆地、水文、海洋和大气相关空间现象和空间过程分析,结合提出的深度计算与主动计算理论,对这四类空间数据的深度计算与主动计算过程进行了初步探讨。以基于特征的遥感信息提取和目标识别工作为例,对上述理论进行了说明和验证。最后对空间数据计算模式相关问题进行总结和展望。     

亚洲季风与ENSO对新加坡降雨影响的初步研究

根据1800-1989年(110年)的资料,分析研究了新加坡地区月平均和年平均降雨量的一些特征。主要结论是:新加坡年平均降雨量存在准2-6年和18年的周期振荡;亚洲季风以及ENSO对新加坡降雨量有明显的影响。新加坡年雨量的谷值出现在西南季风期而峰值在东北季风期。在El Nino年,新加坡降雨量多为负距平;而在反El Nino年,新加坡降雨量多为正距平。      

大气中溴的环境地球化学研究进展

溴是大气平流层和对流层中的重要物种,能参与大气中的多种化学过程,对臭氧的损耗影响很大,同时也干扰大气的硫循环和汞循环,在大气化学中起着十分重要的作用.综述了近年来大气对流层和平流层溴的种类和含量、自然来源和人为来源,以及化学性质,并重点总结了活性溴物种BrO在大气中的存在情况及其在臭氧损耗中的作用.最后,提出了目前大气...     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000247

Recent advances in modeling of tornadoes and twisters consist of significant achievements in mathematical calculation of occurrence and evolution of a violent F5-class tornado on the Fujita scale, and four-dimensional mathematical modeling of a tornado with the fourth coordinate time multiplied by its characteristic velocity.Such a tornado can arise in a thunderstorm supercell filled with turbulent whirlwinds.A theory of the squall storms is proposed.The squall storm is modeled by running perturbation of...     

Numerical simulation of the winter polar wave clouds observed by Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter

In 1998, the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter revealed the presence of isolated or quasi-periodic thick clouds during the martian polar night. They are believed to be composed of CO₂ ice particles and to be tilted against the wind direction, a feature characteristic of vertically propagating orographic gravity waves. To support that interpretation, we present here numerical simulations with a two-dimensional anelastic model of stratified shear flow that includes simple CO₂ ice microphysics. In some of the simulations presented, the orography is an idealized trough, with dimensions characteristic of the many troughs that shape the Mars polar cap. In others, it is near the real orography. In the polar night conditions, our model shows that gravity waves over the north polar cap are strong enough to induce adiabatic cooling below the CO₂ frost point. From this cooling, airborne heterogeneous nucleation of CO₂ ice particles occurs from the ground up to the altitude of the polar thermal inversion. Although the model predicts that clouds can be present above 15 km, only low altitude clouds can backscatter the Laser beams of MOLA at a detectable level. Accordingly, the shape of the Laser echoes is related to the shape of the clouds at low level, but do not necessarily coincide with the top of the clouds. The model helps to interpret the cloud patterns observed by MOLA. Above an isolated orographic trough, an isolated extended sloping cloud tilted against the wind is obtained. The model shows that the observed quasi-periodic clouds are due to the succession of small-scale topographic features, rather than to the presence of resonant trapped lee waves. Indeed, the CO₂ condensation greatly damps the buoyancy force, essential for the maintenance of gravity waves far from their sources. Simulations with realistic topography profiles show the cloud response is sensitive to the wind direction. When the wind is directed upslope of the polar cap, on the one hand, a large scale cloud, modulated by small-scale waves, forms just above the ground. On the other hand, when the wind is directed downslope, air is globally warmed, and periodic ice clouds induced by small-scale orography form at altitudes higher than 3-5 km above the ground. In both cases, a good agreement between the simulated echoes and the observed one is obtained. According to our model, we conclude that the observed clouds are quasi-stationary clouds made of moving ice particles that successively grow and sublimate by crossing cold and warm phases of orographic gravity waves generated by the successive polar troughs. We also find that the rate of ice precipitation is relatively weak, except when there is a large scale air dynamical cooling.     

南京一次雷雨的闪电特征与多尺度资料分析

为探究闪电与其他气象要素之间的关系及可预报性,本文利用探空资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、闪电定位仪资料、卫星云图资料和地面自动气象站资料,对2009年7月7日南京雷雨天气进行多尺度分析.结果表明:暴雨过程中负地闪始终占较大比例,正地闪的数目在雷暴消散阶段稍有增长;地闪频数与地面风速时序变化呈现很好的一致性;雷暴来临前风矢位温特征表明对流云发展高度较高,对流层顶的薄层超低温为强对流发生提供了热力不稳定的先兆信息,整层大气深厚的顺时针垂直切变及中低层偏南风为强对流天气提供了有利的动力和水汽条件,为雷暴潜势预报提供了依据;地闪分布与雷达回波顶高、强的风切变区域以及暴雨落区有明显对应关系;负地闪密集区位于雷达强回波核前方强度为40 ～45dBz区域处,对于回波的未来移向有指示作用.