21世纪逐日无缝数据立方体构建方法及逐年逐季节土地覆盖和土地利用动态制图—中国智慧遥感制图iMap （China） 1.0

粮食安全、高质量人居环境建设、生物多样性保护、星球健康等社会可持续发展目标和对地球系统的理解、模拟与管理都迫切需要多尺度、长时序、辐射和几何精度高且一致性强的遥感观测数据集和针对用户需求的、信息主题灵活的制图产品。但是由于技术和成本限制,传统的遥感卫星难以提供同时具有高空间分辨率、高时间频率和高质量的观测数据。现有的制图和反演方案多是针对于单一传感器系列,难以充分挖掘和联合利用多源异构遥感大数据的信息潜力,造成观测时段和分辨率有限、时空一致性和可比性较差。因此,遥感领域迫切需要新的技术范式。本文基于前沿的云计算、人工智能、虚拟星座、时空融合重建等技术,针对现有遥感大数据特别是国产卫星数据,提出一套智慧遥感制图(iMap)框架。该框架从用户需求出发、问题驱动,能够大大改善当前遥感数据产品难以满足农林管理、国情监测、生态环境保护、防灾减灾、城市建设等用户的多样化、高精度地表监测需求的现状。在该框架的指导下,基于亚马逊云计算(AWS)高性能、高弹性、可扩展的分布式计算资源,搭建了在线实时、自动化、无服务器、端到端的遥感大数据生产链和并行制图系统,并生产了首套21世纪中国全境逐日无缝数据立方体(SDC)及逐年逐季节土地覆盖和土地利用制图产品。逐日SDC综合利用Landsat和MODIS卫星数据构建虚拟星座,并通过多源时空数据融合重建技术研制得到无云无缝、高精度的反射率产品,作为分析就绪数据(ARD),为高精度定量遥感反演和制图打下根基。基于这一SDC,完成了逐年逐季节地表制图。逐年平均精度超过80%。在制图过程中,基于多套多层土地覆盖和土地利用分类体系,运用有限样本稳定分类理论,迁移使用全季节普适样本库,采用自动机器学习(AutoML)策略集成优化多种分类器,并结合时空一致性变化检测和后处理技术。这两套制图产品证明了本文提出的智慧遥感制图框架的可行性和有效性。未来将进一步完善和发展该框架,以开放和灵活的理念,为促进中国遥感进一步发展提供新的思路。     

基于人工智能的钻速预测模型数据有效性下限分析

钻速预测对于优化钻探工艺、降低作业成本、实现科学钻探具有重要意义,它是钻探钻井作业的一项重要内容。基于人工智能的钻速预测精度令人瞩目,但该技术需求的海量数据对传统钻探钻井作业的要求较高。为明确使用人工智能建立钻速预测模型的最少数据量,本文基于中国南海10口井的21917条数据进行了分析。通过相关性分析,所有的输入参数可被划分为高、中、低相关性3大类。通过逐步引入参数建立预测模型和对比预测精度,发现当引入的参数数量足够时,3种相关性参数均可建立起高精度（≥85%）的预测模型。引入参数的相关性越高,建立高精度预测模型需求的参数量越少。通过逐步扩大取样间隔的方式,对比发现所有的预测模型均呈现随取样间隔的增大、预测模型的准确性降低的规律。而预测模型建模的取样间隔下限可通过寻找精度降低时的拐点获得。经过验证,在数据维度与取样精度均为下限时,基于3种相关性参数建立的BP神经网络预测模型仍然能够获得较高的预测精度。     

A bidirectional path-finding algorithm and data structure for maritime routing

Route planning is an important problem for many real-time applications in open and complex environments. The maritime domain is a relevant example of such environments where dynamic phenomena and navigation constraints generate difficult route finding problems. This paper develops a spatial data structure that supports the search for an optimal route between two locations while minimizing a cost function. Although various search algorithms have been proposed so far (e.g. breadth-first search, bidirectional breadth-first search, Dijkstra’s algorithm, A^*, etc.), this approach provides a bidirectional dynamic routing algorithm which is based on hexagonal meshes and an iterative deepening A^* (IDA^*) algorithm, and a front to front strategy using a dynamic graph that facilitates data accessibility. The whole approach is applied to the context of maritime navigation, taking into account navigation hazards and restricted areas. The algorithm developed searches for optimal routes while minimizing distance and computational time.     

Numerical simulation of hydrocarbon migration in tight reservoir based on Artificial Immune Ant Colony Algorithm: A case of the Chang 81 reservoir of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Huaqing area,Ordos Basin,China

The hydrocarbon migration in tight reservoirs is a complex process, the fluid flow patterns of which are notably different from those of conventional reservoirs. Therefore, specific mathematical models are needed to simulate the secondary hydrocarbon migrations. This study presents a numerical simulation method based on Artificial Immune Ant Colony Algorithm (AIACA) to simulate the secondary hydrocarbon migrations in tight reservoirs. It consists of three core parts: (1) the release modes of artificial ants based on the intensity of hydrocarbon generation; (2) the wandering patterns of artificial ants under the control of the dynamic field and the distribution of pheromones; (3) the updating modes of pheromones based on the changes in reservoir wettability. The simulation of secondary migration can be realized by the observing the dynamic movements and accumulations of the artificial ants. The method has been tested in the Chang 8₁ tight sandstone reservoir, which is part of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Huaqing Area, Ordos Basin in China, and proved to be successful in matching the current data in exploration and development.     

室内位置信息模型与智能位置服务

商业中心、交通枢纽、医院、停车场等复杂室内及地下空间的安全管理与应急响应对室内外无缝导航与位置服务的需求日益迫切,提出了一种室内位置信息模型,扩展了OGC标准CityGML和IndoorGML中的位置信息描述,提供了描述室内相对位置和室内绝对位置的本体,介绍了一种针对三维建筑物模型的室内空间自动提取方法,为智能位置服务奠定了重要基础。     

利用VLBI数据确定"探测一号"卫星的轨道

双星计划的“探测一号”是中国首颗真正严格意义上的科学实验卫星,其运行轨道为中国迄今所发射的卫星中距地球最远,远地点地心距达7．8万公里．采用射电天文的VLBI技术可以对“探测一号”以及更远的深空目标,如探月飞行器实现跟踪．为了验证VLBI技术在我国探月计划中的作用,上海天文台组织了国内目前仅有的上海、乌鲁木齐和昆明3个台站对“探测一号”进行试跟踪,利用对“探测一号”约两天的VLBI观测数据,确定“探测一号”卫星的轨道,对VLBI的定轨能力做初步的探讨．按照测控部门提供的初轨 (其精度仅保证跟踪)推算的轨道与VLBI时延的拟合误差平均约2 km,时延率的拟合误差平均约15 cm／s．而利用VLBI数据定轨后的拟合程度相对于初轨有了很大的改善,结果表明,单独利用VLBI时延定轨,时延的拟合精度约5．5 m,作为外部检核的VLBI时延率的拟合精度在2 cm／s左右．单独利用VLBI时延率定轨,时延率的拟合精度约为1．3 cm／s,作为外部检核的VLBI时延的拟合精度约为29 m．而若将时延和时延率数据联合定轨,采用其内符精度加权,VLBI时延和时延率的残差分别为5．5 m和 2 cm／s．为了合理地评估VLBI定轨的真实精度,利用模拟数据进行误差协方差分析,结果表明VLBI定轨精度受动力学模型误差的影响较大,由于"探测一号”卫星的动力学模型难以精确确定,所以利用两天弧段的VLBI数据确定“探测一号”卫星轨道的位置误差为km量级,而速度误差可达cm／s量级．模拟计算还表明, VLBI和USB数据联合定轨可以大大提高定轨精度．     

野生重口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Racoma) davidi(Sauvage)]的性腺发育观察与人工繁殖研究

对野生重口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Racoma) davidi(Sauvage)]的性腺发育观察与人工繁殖进行了研究。结果表明,重口裂腹鱼雄鱼3龄达到性成熟,而雌鱼5龄以上方达到性成熟,其性腺指数随着年龄增加而显著上升(P<0.05);雌鱼性腺指数、绝对怀卵量和卵径随着年龄和体重增加明显上升(P<0.05orP<0.01)。对24尾5、6龄雌、雄重口裂腹鱼采用二针注射法进行人工催产实验,平均采卵数为1.33万粒和2.02万粒,采精量为25.4ml和34.8ml。其平均卵子受精率和受精卵出膜时间分别为74.2%和77.1%、203h和227h[水温(16.2±0.9)℃],6龄雌鱼受精卵的卵径、卵重均明显高于5龄雌鱼,6龄雌鱼的受精卵孵化率为41.9%,明显高于5龄雌鱼的30.6%(P<0.05orP<0.01),选用年龄较大的雌鱼作为亲鱼,是保证人工繁殖获得良好效果的关键。     

Sediment characteristics and macrofauna distribution along a human-modified inlet in the Gulf of Oristano (Sardinia, Italy)

We studied the spatial variability and within-year temporal changes in hydrological features, grain size composition and chemical characteristics of sediments, as well as macrofaunal assemblages, along a heavily modified inlet in the Gulf of Oristano (western Sardinia, Italy). The inlet connects the Cabras lagoon to the gulf through a series of convoluted creeks and man-made structures, including a dam and fish barriers built in the last three decades. Sediments were muddy and mainly composed of the "non-sortable" fraction (i.e., <8 microm particle size) in all four areas investigated: Lagoon, Creeks, Channel and Seaward. Along the inlet, however, the ratio between the <8 microm and the 8-64 microm fractions was highest in Creeks and Channel, between the fish barriers and the dam, suggesting impaired hydrodynamics. Consistently, steep gradients in water salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations were found in proximity to the fish barriers. The whole inlet was characterized by a major organic enrichment of sediments, with up to an annual mean of 33.6% of organic matter and 11.7% of total organic carbon in Seaward due to the presence of seagrass leaf litter. Acid-volatile sulphide and chromium-reduced sulphur concentrations were highest throughout the year in Seaward and Lagoon, respectively, with a peak in summer. Consistently, the whole inlet supported low structured macrofaunal assemblages dominated by few opportunist species, with a relatively lower diversity in Lagoon throughout the year and the highest abundances in Seaward in summer. We infer that the presence of artificial structures along the inlet, such as fish barriers and the dam, impair the lagoon-gulf hydrodynamics, sediment exchange and animal recruitment and colonization. We suggest that the removal of these structures would favour water renewal in the Cabras lagoon, but would also increase the outflow of organic C-bonding fine particles into the gulf with serious consequences for Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows. We conclude that all possible consequences of such initiatives should be carefully considered before any action is taken.     

地下水回灌技术在浅层承压含水层中的实践与探讨

上海地区承压含水层埋深较深,深基坑围护的止水帷幕难以深入到承压含水层底板进行地下水水平向的完全阻隔,减压降水过程势必对周边环境产生一定影响。以上海盛大国际金融中心深基坑回灌试验为依据,表明人工回灌地下水对控制承压水位具有一定效果,并运用数值方法模拟了不同回灌条件下坑外承压水位的变化。     

制约卫星轨道寿命的另一种机制

近点共振会导致太阳系小天体(小行星,自然卫星以及大行星和月球的人造卫星)的轨道偏心率出现变幅较大的长周期变化,特别是以月球和大行星为中心天体的大倾角轨道(确切地说是倾角接近90°的极轨道)卫星,由于类似的原因,偏心率的增大而导致近星距rp=a(1-e)≤ae(ae是中心天体的赤道半径),使其落到中心天体上,结束轨道寿命,这与耗散机制大不相同,因此将对其作理论分析,并以计算实例加以证实.