Topographic and spectral data resolve land cover misclassification to distinguish and monitor wetlands in western Uganda

Wetlands provide vital wildlife habitat and ecosystem services, but changes in human land use has made them one of the world’s most threatened ecosystems. Although wetlands are generally protected by law, growing human populations increasingly drain and clear them to provide agricultural land, especially in tropical Africa. Managing and conserving wetlands requires accurately monitoring their spatial and temporal extent, often using remote sensing, but distinguishing wetlands from other land covers can be difficult. Here, we report on a method to separate wetlands dominated by papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) from spectrally similar grasslands dominated by elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.). We tested whether topographic, spectral, and temperature data improved land cover classification within and around Kibale National Park, a priority conservation area in densely populated western Uganda. Slope and reflectance in the mid-IR range best separated the combined papyrus/elephant grass pixels (average accuracy: 86%). Using a time series of satellite images, we quantified changes in six land covers across the landscape from 1984 to 2008 (papyrus, elephant grass, forest, mixed agriculture/bare soil/short grass, mixed tea/shrub, and water). We found stark differences in how land cover changed inside versus outside the park, with particularly sharp changes next to the park boundary. Inside the park, changes in land cover varied with location and management history: elephant grass areas decreased by 52% through forest regeneration but there was no net difference in papyrus areas. Outside the park, elephant grass and papyrus areas decreased by 61% and 39%, mostly converted to agriculture. Our method and findings are particularly relevant in light of social, biotic, and abiotic changes in western Uganda, as interactions between climate change, infectious disease, and changing human population demographics and distribution are predicted to intensify existing agricultural pressure on natural areas.     

大巴山国家地质公园构造地貌景观构造变形期次研究

通过野外路线考察,典型地区填图,地质、地形图判读发现,大巴山国家地质公园主要构造地貌景观横向分布呈现由NE至SW即从造山带向前陆盆地方向逐渐减弱特征;纵向上明显受早期构造格局和岩石类型约束,在区域上呈现NW—SE向延展的平行岭谷地貌,山峰和谷地的走向与地质构造线基本一致。通过对主要构造地貌景观构造应力和变形期次判别探讨,确定构造地貌景观形成的构造期次大致为三期,应力主要来自于NE—SW、SE—NW向,反映该区不仅受到NE—SW向的冲断挤压变形作用,还受到SE—NW向的右旋剪切挤压变形作用,推测是由多期受力叠加改造而成。通过ESR及14C定年确定距今12 Ma以来,该区在500 kaBP、278 kaBP、29 kaBP分别出现三次规模较大的快速抬升运动,提供了与其构造景观形成密切相关的新构造运动年代学证据。     

生态系统服务社会价值与生态价值的权衡与协同关系——以普达措国家公园为例

以香格里拉普达措国家公园为研究区,借助SolVES模型和InVEST模型,分别度量其社会价值（美学价值、文化价值、游憩价值）和生态价值（生境质量、碳储量、水源供给）的空间特征,并运用双变量空间自相关分析对二者空间权衡与协同关系进行研究。研究表明：① 社会价值的高值区呈“多核心,多条状”的空间格局,社会价值指数高达8.6（该指数介于1~10）,且距水体的距离越近对社会价值的贡献越大（贡献度为45.9%）;② 生态价值良好及优的空间范围占园区面积的1/2（49.91%）,主要位于原始森林保存良好的碧塔海片区和尼汝东北部扎诺一带;③ 社会价值与生态价值之间存在显著的空间依赖性,其中社会价值低,生态价值高的区域是园区最主要的空间聚集特征。该研究可为生态系统服务的可持续管理决策提供科学依据,以及有助于完善基于生态系统服务的社会?生态系统分析理论框架。     

自然保护地社区居民感知冲突的空间响应及形成机制——以西昌邛海国家湿地公园为例

以西昌邛海国家湿地公园为例,采用半结构访谈与参与式制图相结合的方法对当地居民进行调查。通过质性+空间的混合分析方法探讨了居民感知冲突的类型、空间响应分布及其形成机制,旨在为自然保护地的冲突管理提供参考,实现人地关系协调发展。结果显示：① 社区居民感知有7种冲突类型,分别为生计保障不足、活动空间压缩、政策措施缺位、情感支持弱化、日常生活不便、环境质量降低和生产经营矛盾,前5种冲突总占比达76.4%,构成了当地的主要冲突;② 冲突的空间响应是居民对冲突关注度和不满意程度的共同反映,总体上呈现出高值区相对独立、低值区连片分布的空间格局,响应水平较高的区域,具有较高的冲突显示度和管理优先等级;③ 冲突的空间响应是多因素共同作用的复杂现象,其中旅游开发程度和生计策略的影响较大,交通出行管理、居住区类型、土地利用类型和房屋修建管理的影响也不容忽视,总体反映了邛海生态建设、旅游开发、政策与制度安排、社会经济等基本情况,分别为冲突响应提供了原始动力、外部推动力、结构性动力和社会性动力。     

基于Autonomy的国土资源档案知识挖掘与应用平台研究

本文在分析大数据背景下国土资源信息化面临的挑战及国土资源档案数据现状的基础上,提出基于Autonomy知识与服务架构,重点阐述架构的三个组成部分：数据采集平台、本体构建与分析平台、数据处理平台,介绍了基于Autonomy Idol的应用功能设计实例。探讨海量国土资源档案数据管理与应用的新方式,为国土资源数据档案的管理提供大数据支持的理论基础。     

Chemical and physical properties affecting strontium distribution coefficients of surficial-sediment samples at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho

 The U.S. Geological Survey and Idaho State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, conducted a study to determine strontium distribution coefficients (K_ds) of surficial sediments at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Batch experiments using synthesized aqueous solutions were used to determine K_ds, which describe the distribution of a solute between the solution and solid phase, of 20 surficial-sediment samples from the INEEL. The K_ds for the 20 surficial-sediment samples ranged from 36 to 275 ml/g. Many properties of both the synthesized aqueous solutions and sediments used in the experiments also were determined. Solution properties determined were initial and equilibrium concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and strontium, pH and specific conductance, and initial concentrations of potassium and sodium. Sediment properties determined were grain-size distribution, bulk mineralogy, whole-rock major-oxide and strontium and barium concentrations, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area. Solution and sediment properties were correlated with strontium K_ds of the 20 surficial sediments using Pearson correlation coefficients. Solution properties with the strongest correlations with strontium K_ds were equilibrium pH and equilibrium calcium concentration correlation coefficients, 0.6598 and –0.6518, respectively. Sediment properties with the strongest correlations with strontium K_ds were manganese oxide (MnO), BET surface area, and the >4.75-mm-grain-size fraction correlation coefficients, 0.7054, 0.7022, and –0.6660, respectively. Effects of solution properties on strontium K_ds were interpreted as being due to competition among similarly charged and sized cations in solution for strontium-sorption sites; effects of sediment properties on strontium K_ds were interpreted as being surface-area related. Multivariate analyses of these solution and sediment properties resulted in r² values of 0.8071 when all five properties were used and 0.8043 when three properties, equilibrium pH, MnO, and BET surface area, were used. Received: 30 November 1998 · Accepted: 16 February 1999     

Recent environmental changes inferred from the sediments of small lakes in Yellowstone's northern range

Recent sediments of eight small lakes in the northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park were cored to examine stratigraphic records of past changes in limnology and local environment that might be attributed to grazing and other activities of elk, bison, and other large ungulates. Cores of undisturbed sediment were analyzed at close intervals to depths covering the last 100–150 years according to chronologies established by lead-210 dating. Pollen analyses were made to show change in regional vegetation, and diatom and geochemical analyses were made to reveal possible limnological changes resulting from soil erosion and nutrient input from the lake catchments.Variations in sedimentary components prior to establishment of the Park in 1872 indicate some natural variability in environmental factors e.g., erosional inputs in landslide areas west of Gardiner. All lakes had abundant nutrient inputs.After the Park was founded, fire suppression may have been responsible for small increases in pollen percentages of various conifers and Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) at different times in different lakes. Perceptible decreases in pollen of willow, aspen, alder, and birch at different times may reflect local ungulate browsing, although drier climatic conditions may have been a factor as well.The most striking manifestation of accelerated erosion in a catchment was found at a lake located beside a road constructed in the 1930s. In contrast to changes at this site, the record of erosion at other lakes is hardly perceptible. Changes in sediment-accumulation rates seen at most sites result from redistribution of sediment within the lake after initial deposition.In the century following Park establishment, the abundance of planktonic diatoms relative to benthic taxa varies among lakes and may reflect differential nutrient inputs or changes in lake level. Four of the five lakes analyzed for diatoms show in the last few decades an increase in planktonic relative to benthic species, implying elevated nutrient inputs. The recent flora, however, is similar to that in pre-Park levels which suggests that these lakes have not been perturbed outside their normal range. Increased nutrient supply in recent decades for at least two of the lakes is supported by the geochemical data, which show an increase in biogenic silica and in organic matter.As a whole, our investigation of the sedimentary record does not support the hypothesis that ungulate grazing has had a strong direct or indirect effect on the vegetation and soil stability in the lake catchments or on the water quality of the lakes.     

国家自然科学基金资助体系下的地下水科学领域发展总结和分析

地下水属于基础性、战略性水资源,其科学开发利用和保护关系到人类社会与生态系统的协同健康发展。因此,地下水一直是自然科学关注的热点和焦点之一。笔者统计分析了1986~2022年期间国家自然科学基金委对地下水科学领域的资助情况,从受资助项目的学部学科分布、项目类型和主要研究方向入手,总结了地下水科学研究现状,揭示了目前存在的短板和瓶颈问题,并分析了地下水科学发展趋势。研究结果表明：①地下水科学领域资助项目的数量和类型均呈快速增长态势;②地下水科学领域与其他学科领域的交叉融合越来越频繁、紧密,涉及多个学部和学科,申报与资助均呈现“多点开花”态势;③地下水科学作为地球科学的分支学科,面临新的机遇和挑战,许多重大科学问题亟待解决,需进一步提高重大项目支持力度;④地下水科学研究具备与更多相关领域交叉渗透的潜力,如海洋学、化学、气象学和大气科学等,国家自然科学基金委可为地下水科学与其他学科交叉提供培育平台。     

国道213汶川—松潘段滑坡隐患遥感识别与易发性评价

国道213汶川—松潘段位于强震山区,滑坡灾害频发,每年都会因滑坡灾害导致交通中断,迫切需要查明沿线滑坡隐患的空间分布,并对其易发性进行评价。利用光学遥感和InSAR综合遥感技术对沿线滑坡隐患进行识别,共识别滑坡隐患288处,其中InSAR探测出有形变的滑坡隐患点27处。以识别出的滑坡隐患为评价样本,选取高程、坡度、坡向、地表曲率、工程地质岩组、归一化植被指数(normalizied difference vegetation index,NDVI)、距道路距离、距河流距离、距断层距离等9个影响因素作为评价因子,采用Logistic回归模型评价该沿线滑坡隐患易发性,评价结果可为国道213汶川—松潘段滑坡灾害防治提供参考。