Physiology of Laminaria

Abstract. Dissolved nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and phosphate were monitored for 2.5 years along a coastal eutrophication gradient originating at the St. Andrews sewer outfall. Linear growth rates and tissue composition (phosphorus, various nitrogen fractions and storage carbohydrates) were monitored at the same stations in lamina tissue of Laminaria digitata and L. saccharina. Growth rates were considerably enhanced at the eutrophicated stations both in spring, when exogenous nutrients were at peak values at all stations, and during the summer when exogenous nutrients were very low at all stations. Enhanced summer growth rates were correlated with the increased reserves of N and P accumulated during winter and spring, and particularly with soluble organic nitrogen reserves. Accumulation of storage carbohydrates was inversely correlated with growth rate and tissue N and P reserves, presumably because fixed carbon could be incorporated into new protein and thence new tissue only if internal non-protein N reserves were available.     

宁波沿海陆源排污口蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)和裸藻纲(Euglenoidea)生物的分布特点

采用高通量454焦磷酸测序方法对宁波沿海2个重点排污口、8个一般排污口的20个站位水样进行分析,得到2011年的3月、5月、8月和10月份各排污口蓝藻和含叶绿体单细胞生物的分布情况。研究结果表明:宁波沿海陆源排污口中含叶绿体单细胞生物数量最多,占91.857%,包括眼虫门(Euglenozoa)、绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、隐藻门(Cryptophyta)生物。其中主要为眼虫门的裸藻纲(Euglenoidea)生物占90.08%。蓝藻门的集球藻目(Synechococcophycideae)和颤藻亚目(Oscillatoriophycideae)含量相对较多,分别占5.70%和1.79%;排污口中裸藻纲生物数量季节性差异比较大,3月份、8月份数量相对较多,5月份和10月份较少,推测这类生物的数量与季节性温度变化有关;各排污口污染物、这两类生物检出量和种类有一定差异,在氮磷含量高的排污口(如S9号)其检出量并不高,推测检出量与排污口的主要污染物中氨氮含量没有直接关系,可能受氮磷比的影响。     

Modelling the influence of environmental and weather factors on the density of the invasive polychaete Boccardia proboscidea

The inter‐tidal zone around sewage discharges in a Southwest Atlantic shore (Mar del Plata, Argentina) is currently colonized by extensive inter‐tidal reefs of the invasive spionid Boccardia proboscidea. Understanding the links between both human and natural disturbances and the massive development of non‐indigenous species will help prevent marine bioinvasions, which are already favoured by global oceanic trade. We present herein predictive models for variations in the density of B. proboscidea around sewage discharges of Mar del Plata, using environmental (pH, turbidity, temperature, salinity and total organic matter content), weather (wind direction and storm records), spatial (sites) and temporal (season and year) variables. Density variations were modelled by generalized linear models, and model averaging (multimodel inference) was used to obtain predicted values. The highest predicted values of B. proboscidea density occurred at sites to the south of the sewage effluent in spring. These sites are more affected by urban effluent discharges and they showed increased B. proboscidea density when the north wind was predominant. In addition, B. proboscidea density values were higher in sites with 20–22 °C (seawater temperature), high total organic matter content in sediments and low salinity. The averaged model was only a good ‘predictive model’ for sites to the north of the outfall, but was useful as an ‘explanatory model’ in all sites. Such predictions may help to back up conservation and management policies and decisions.     

Drivers of interannual and intra‐annual variability of dissolved organic carbon concentration in the River Thames between 1884 and 2013

The world's longest record of river water quality (River Thames—130 years) provides a unique opportunity to understand fluvial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations dynamics. Understanding riverine DOC variability through long‐term studies is crucial to capture patterns and drivers influencing sources of DOC at scales relevant for decision making. The Thames basin (United Kingdom) has undergone massive land‐use change, as well as increased urbanisation and population during the period considered. We aimed to investigate the drivers of intra‐annual to interannual DOC variability, assess the variability due to natural and anthropogenic factors, and understand the causes for the increased DOC variability over the period. Two approaches were used to achieve these aims. The first method was singular spectrum analysis, which was used to reconstruct the major oscillatory modes of DOC, hydroclimatic variables, and atmospheric circulation patterns and to visualise the interaction between these variables. The second approach used was generalised additive modelling, which was used to investigate other non‐natural drivers of DOC variability. Our study shows that DOC variability increased by 80% over the data period, with the greatest increase occurring from the beginning of World War II onwards. The primary driver of the increase in DOC variability was the increase in the average value of fluvial DOC over the period of record, which was itself linked to the increase in basin population and diffuse DOC sources to the river due to land‐use and land‐management changes. Seasonal DOC variability was linked to streamflow and temperature. Our study allows to identify drivers of fluvial intra‐annual and interannual DOC variability and therefore empowers actions to reduce high DOC concentrations.     

Characteristics of heavy metal accumulation on fly ash- and sewage sludge-amended calcific soil

Land disposal of fly ash(FA)and sewage sludge(SS)is a major problem due largely to their potentially harmful constituents.In this paper,a potting experiment was performed to evaluate the effects on the plant growth and to discuss in particular the potential hazard to soils and plants according to the characteristics of heavy metal accumulation and migration when FA and SS are used as the amendments of calcific soil in a limestone mining area. The results showed that the application of FA-SS mixture is capable of accelerating the growth of plants and improving the biomass production at either 1:1 or 1:2 FA-SS mixture:soil(w/w).The highest yields were obtained at 1:1(w/w)mixing ratio.When compared with the Element Background Values of Soils in China,the analysis on heavy metals indicated that the contents of Pb,Cr,Hg,Cd,As,Ni,Cu and Zn in the amended soils came up to the second-class environmental quality standards,only Hg and Cd showed significant accumulation.At the same time, though the metal concentrations in roots were higher than those for the control,the concentrations except Cu,Zn in shoots were lower.And all the heavy metal contents in the plants were substantially lower than the toxicity limits. The results indicated that the combined use of FA and SS at a rational rate of application should pose no danger to both soil and food chain based on the characteristics of the FS and SS,heavy metals and calcific soil.     

杏子川油田撬装注水设备的应用研究

随着油田开发期限的延长,杏子川油田剩余含油区块存在着储量小、品位低、采收率低等问题,油田注水开发势在必行。由于注水规模迅速扩大,其注水区块较为分散,建大型注水站不能适应当前注水开发的需要,因此急需体积小、占地面积小、运行费用低、便于安装与移动的撬装注水站,其设备通过不断改良,污水处理技术日益娴熟,处理后的水质逐渐达到注水水质标准,解决了小区块注水开采难的问题。目前,杏子川油田在撬装注水设备应用效果很好,已建成多座撬装注水站,取得了较好的注水开发效果,逐步从规模注水向精细注水转变。     

大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)不同养殖模式氮磷收支及养殖效果研究

为了揭示池塘内循环流水养殖模式(Inner-Pond Raceway Aquaculture,IPRA)氮磷收支变化及养殖效果情况,阐明其生态特征及营养物质的来源与归宿,合理评价IPRA的经济与生态效益,通过定期采样计算氮磷的输入和输出项目,同时设置传统常规养殖池塘(usual pond aquaculture,UPA)为对照组。结果表明:(1)两种养殖模式中,饲料是池塘氮、磷输入的主要来源,分别占IPRA和UPA池塘氮输入的95.02%±2.31%和94.57%±1.82%,占两种模式磷输入的93.19%±2.75%和91.81%±4.44%;(2)底泥沉积是氮、磷输出的主要方式,占IPRA和UPA氮输出的45.16%±1.31%和53.98%±1.48%,占磷输出的40.28%±3.19%和59.59%±4.45%,差异显著(P0.05),其次是养殖产出,IPRA渔获物氮输出比例37.73%±0.91%高于UPA的35.07%±0.99%,差异不显著(P0.05),磷输出比例25.50%±1.77%显著高于UPA的20.78%±1.33%(P0.05);(3)IPRA对氮的绝对和相对利用率高于UPA,但差异不显著(P0.05),而对磷的利用率显著高于UPA (P0.05), IPRA提高了养殖对象对氮、磷的吸收利用率;(4) IPRA耗水系数、排水系数及排污系数均显著低于UPA (P0.05),但IPRA养殖效益显著高于UPA (P0.05)。综上所述, IPRA是一种清洁高效的新型养殖模式,可以进行推广应用。本研究旨在为今后更好地开展IPRA水质管理和科学养殖提供数据支撑,同时为IPRA模式在节水生态、经济效益等评价方面提供理论依据。     

超细钻孔压浆桩施工技术的应用

介绍了在水上施工凉亭、曲桥等荷载较小建筑物基础时,采用了直径Ф219mm的超细钻孔压浆桩.阐述了用质量轻的SH30型工程钻机,只需搭设简易的水上平台,采用价格低廉的污水泵就能钻孔压浆桩的施工.     

Sewage pollution in Negril, Jamaica: effects on nutrition and ecology of coral reef macroalgae

Coral reefs in the Negril Marine Park (NMP), Jamaica, have been increasingly impacted by nutrient pollution and macroalgal blooms following decades of intensive development as a major tourist destination. A baseline survey of DIN and SRP concentrations, C:N:P and stable nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) of abundant reef macroalgae on shallow and deep reefs of the NMP in 1998 showed strong P-limitation and evidence of increasing sewage pollution. In 1999, a sewage collection and treatment project began divertin...     

宁波沿海陆源排污口拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)分布的特点

采用高通量454焦磷酸测序方法对宁波沿海2个重点排污口、8个一般排污口的20个站位水样进行分析,得到2011年3月、5月、8月、10月份各排污口总体微生物以及拟杆菌纲的分布情况。通过对454测序结果分析,共成功鉴定24个门,主要包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和后壁菌门(Firmicutes)等。其中拟杆菌门的变化趋势与梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)相似,均为随月份的增加而递增的趋势。在拟杆菌门下,共鉴定出3个纲3个目9个科27个属,4个采样月份大部分站点的优势属为黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria),其次为拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidetes)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria),通过聚类分析发现,拟杆菌门分布规律主要与排污口类型和季节有一定的关系。通过454测序检测到了极难培养的寡营养细菌鞘脂杆菌,也说明了454测序较传统微生物生态学研究方法的优势,同时针对普雷沃菌属(Prevotella sp.)及黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium sp.)两种具有代表性的属的分布情况进行了分析。