不同盐度和培育密度对杂交刺参幼体生长发育的影响

分析了6个不同盐度和5个培育密度对中国刺参和日本红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)杂交幼体的生长、存活和附着的影响。盐度实验结果显示,受精后第5天,30和35盐度组幼体成活率最高,分别为46.7%和40.0%。第2天至第5天,30盐度组耳状幼体的生长最快,到第5天平均体长达到最大值672.18μm;30盐度组的幼体附着率最高,为17.8%,而15和20盐度组中均没有出现附着的稚参。培育密度实验结果显示,受精后第5天,0.1个/mL密度组的幼体成活率最高,为66.7%,但各密度组的幼体成活率差异均不显著。0.5个/mL密度组幼体生长最快,到第10天达到最大平均体长,为801.38μm;在所有培育密度实验组中,0.5个/mL密度组的幼体附着率最高,为19.1%。因此,为实现单位水体的苗种产量最大化,刺参杂交幼体培育的最佳盐度为30,最适宜的培育密度为0.5个/mL。     

泼洒和投喂芽孢杆菌对刺参生长以及消化和免疫相关酶活性的影响

通过拌饵投喂和水体泼洒2种使用方式,研究了不同浓度的蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus,编号BC-01)对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参的生长、肠道消化酶和体腔液非特异性免疫相关酶活性的影响。其中,水体泼洒实验组芽孢杆菌使用量分别为106、108和1010cfu·m-3(以活菌量计),拌饵投喂实验组芽孢杆菌添加量分别为107、109和1011cfu·kg-1(以活菌量计),以投喂基础饲料且水体无芽孢杆菌泼洒组为对照组,整个实验持续56d。结果表明:(1)水体泼洒106 cfu·m-3和拌饵投喂109 cfu·kg-1的芽孢杆菌可以显著促进刺参的生长,并显著降低刺参体重变异系数(P0.05)。(2)泼洒108 cfu·m-3芽孢杆菌实验组的刺参肠道蛋白酶活性以及泼洒106和108 cfu·m-3芽孢杆菌实验组的脂肪酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。投喂芽孢杆菌能显著提高刺参肠道蛋白酶活性(P0.05),投喂107 cfu·kg-1芽孢杆菌的实验组刺参肠道脂肪酶活性和投喂109和1011cfu·kg-1芽孢杆菌的实验组淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。(3)水体泼洒芽孢杆菌则显著提高刺参体腔液LSZ活性(P0.05),但对SOD活性影响不大(P0.05)。1010cfu·m-3芽孢杆菌泼洒浓度可以显著增强刺参体腔液AKP和ACP活性(P0.05)。而投喂109和1011cfu·kg-1芽孢杆菌可以显著提高刺参体腔液过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性(P0.05)。可以看出,芽孢杆菌BC-01以饵料添加方式对刺参体腔液免疫酶活性的促进作用优于水体泼洒。综合比较表明,芽孢杆菌BC-01拌饵添加的适宜浓度为109 cfu·kg-1,对刺参的生长、消化功能和非特异性免疫能力均具有显著促进作用。     

Colonization and Probiotic Effect of Metschnikowia sp. C14 in the Intestine of Juvenile Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

Viable cell count was used to determine whether Metschnikowia sp.C14 can colonize the intestine of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Sea cucumber individuals were divided into two groups,which were fed the control diet for 38 days or the C14-supplemented diet at 105 cells g−1 diet for 28 days,then the control diet from day 29 to day 38.The number of C14 cells in the intestine of sea cucumber fed the C14-supplemented diet significantly increased from day 7 to day 28,and decreased from day 29 to day 38.Sea cucumber fed with the diet containing C14 showed a significant increase in trypsin activity and lipase activity from day 21 to day 33 compared with the control.Feeding C14 significantly improved the phagocytic activity and respiratory burst in coelomocytes from day 21 to day 35 and from day 14 to day 38,respectively.In addition,there was an obvious enhancement in lysozyme activity(from day 21 to day 38 or day 33),phenoloxidase activity(from day 21 to day 28)and total nitric oxide synthase activity(from day 14 to day 38)in coelomic fluid supernatant and/or coelomocyte cell lysate supernatant compared with the control.There were significant positive correlations between the number of C14 cells colonizing the intestine and trypsin activity of the intestine,lysozyme activity of the coelomic fluid supernatant and coelomocyte lysate supernatant from sea cucumber.These data suggested that the number of C14 cells should be maintained at 105 cfu(colony-forming units)g−1 intestine material for the maximum benefit.     

Optimization of stocking density for the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, under feed-supplement and non-feed-supplement regimes in pond culture

Optimal stocking densities were investigated for the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka under feed-supplement and non-feed-supplement regimes in net enclosures for 333 d. Substantial weight loss occurred during the aestivation phase (AE). Decreased growth rates were also observed during the winter phase (WT). In contrast, sea cucumbers showed rapid growth during the spring (SP) and autumn (AU) phases. Feeding regimes considerably influenced the growth performance, i.e., sea cucumbers grew faster under feed-supplement regime than under non-feed-supplement regime (P < 0.05). The average survival rates of sea cucumbers under feed-supplement regime were higher than those under non-feed-supplement regime for both the autumn phase and spring phase, but the differences were only significant for the latter phase (P < 0.05). The fitted B-N curves showed that the optimal stocking densities, in terms of net production, were 22.3 ind. m-2 for feed-supplement regime and 14.1 ind. m-2 for non-feed-supplement regime.     

规格和饥饿对刺参集群行为的影响

本文通过延时摄影技术探究了不同刺参规格（小规格、中规格和大规格）及饥饿状态（饥饿0 d、5 d、10 d和15 d）对其集群行为的影响。研究发现：不同规格刺参的聚集率和标准聚集规模之间存在显著差异（P<0.05），且呈现出随刺参规格增大而升高的趋势，表明大规格刺参更倾向于聚集，且形成的集群规模更大；除饥饿10 d和饥饿15 d的组外，各处理组之间刺参聚集率和标准聚集规模都具有显著差异（P<0.05），随着饥饿时间的延长，刺参聚集率和标准聚集规模呈先降低，后升高，再保持稳定的规律。上述结果查明了规格和饥饿对刺参集群行为的影响，可为丰富刺参行为学研究及优化刺参增养殖管理策略提供理论依据。     

混合暴露条件下刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)对重金属的富集与释放特征

应用双箱动力学模型模拟了刺参在Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg和As 7种重金属混合暴露条件下,呼吸树、消化道和体壁组织对重金属的生物富集与释放实验。结果表明:(1)重金属在刺参组织器官中的富集具有选择性,理论平衡状态下,As、Cd、Cr在各组织的含量分布(CAmax):呼吸树消化道体壁,Cu、Zn分布规律(CAmax):消化道呼吸树体壁,Hg、Pb分布规律(CAmax):体壁呼吸树消化道。(2)刺参对不同重金属的富集系数存在显著差异(P0.05),呼吸树组织对Cr离子富集系数最高2298.2,其次是Cu、Cd离子,其BCF均在1500以上,Hg、Pb、Zn和As离子在呼吸树中的富集系数较低。体壁对Cu离子的富集系数最高为1560.7,对As离子富集系数最低52.7。消化道对Cu离子富集系数最高6037,对As离子富集系数最低为87.9。