重金属Cu2+胁迫对红树植物秋茄幼苗生长及某些生理特性的影响

为揭示铜污染对红树植物的毒性效应和植物的抗性机制,作者研究了红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)幼苗在不同质量浓度的Cu2+(0,0.5,5,50,100,200 mg/L)离子胁迫90 d后,幼苗生长、部分生理指标的变化以及Cu2+在幼苗体内的累积情况。测定的主要参数有:幼苗的主根长度、侧根数目、生物量、叶片的光合速率、色素含量、可溶性糖和蛋白含量及抗氧化酶系活性。研究结果表明:当Cu2+浓度范围在(0.5~200 mg/L)时,主根长度、侧根数目、生物量、叶片的光合速率、色素含量、可溶性糖和蛋白含量均呈降低趋势;根系POD活性持续升高,叶片和根系的SOD和CAT活性呈先升后降趋势;根系MDA含量在整个Cu2+胁迫浓度范围保持相对稳定,叶片MDA含量在高浓度Cu2+胁迫下增加;Cu2+主要累积在根部而向地上部分转运的较少。根据不同浓度的Cu2+离子对秋茄幼苗生长及生理特性影响,秋茄幼苗对Cu2+胁迫的耐受质量浓度范围为5~50 mg/L。     

Antioxidant responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis): Do mussels “integrate” biomarker responses?

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) are generally present in the marine environment in complex mixtures. The ecotoxicological nature of contaminant interactions, however, is poorly understood, with most scientific observations derived from single contaminant exposure experiments. The objective of this experiment was to examine dose-response relationships between antioxidant parameters and body contaminant levels in mussels exposed to different exposure regimes under laboratory conditions. Accordingly, the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, was challenged with a mixture of PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene) and OC pesticides (α-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, p,p′-DDT) over a 4 week period. Contaminants were delivered under four different dosing regimes, with all treatments receiving the same total contaminant load by the end of the exposure period. Antioxidant biomarkers were measured after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, including glutathione (GSH), gluathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidase (LPO). GST and CAT were induced in hepatic tissues in most of the exposure regimes, with the majority of significant induction occurring in a constant exposure regime and a two-step alternate exposure regime. Significant differences among exposure regimes were detected in the body burden of contaminants after 28 days. Hepatic CAT and GSH are proposed as potentially useful biomarkers as they showed good correlation with target contaminants and were not readily affected by different dosing patterns.     

Determinations of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase activity using headspace analysis of dimethylsulphide (DMS)

The osmolyte dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) can be enzymatically cleaved to dimethylsulphide (DMS), acrylate and a proton. The enzyme involved in this reaction is dimethylpropiothetin dethiomethylase (DMSP lyase; enzyme classification number 4.4.1.3.). Although the importance of this reaction for the global sulphur cycle, the influence of DMS on atmospheric acidity and the possible effect on climate regulation have been widely recognised, our knowledge of DMSP lyases is limited to just a few studies. Activity measurements of DMSP lyases offer an important step towards a better understanding of the conditions under which DMS is produced. In the available published data somewhat similar methods have been used before, but a critical examination of the method limitations has not been reported. To encourage further research on this enzyme, we suggest and detail two protocols for measurements of DMSP lyase activity: An in vitro assay for crude cell extracts or purified enzyme and an in vivo method for whole cells, which we recently started to use. After addition of DMSP, samples incubated in a gas tight vial may produce DMS from enzymatic cleavage under suitable conditions, and a DMS production rate can be estimated from time-series measurements of DMS in the headspace of the vial. Headspace analysis of DMS is a useful and rapid technique to estimate and compare DMSP lyase activities from different sources. The relative rates of DMS production in the liquid and of the gas transfer between liquid and headspace, determine the rate of DMS production measured via headspace analysis. If DMS production in the liquid is higher than the rate of transfer, headspace measurements will not reflect the actual amount of DMS produced in the liquid. In this case, extracts have to be diluted to a level that ensures linearity between dilution factor and reduction of enzyme activity. Additionally, incubation volumes and vials should be selected to provide a high surface-to-volume ratio to ensure maximum flux of DMS from the aqueous phase into the headspace. The methods can be adapted to further investigate species- and strain-specific activities, biogeographical distribution, cellular location and biochemical properties of various DMSP lyases.     

氨氮胁迫对方斑东风螺六种免疫酶活性的影响

本文研究了氨氮对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)的急性毒性及不同浓度的氨氮溶液(22、47.5、102和220 mg/L)对其体内六种免疫酶(CAT、ACP、AKP、T-SOD、GSH-PX和POD)活性的影响。实验结果表明：氨氮浓度越大,其毒性作用越强,方斑东风螺死亡率越高;500 mg/L氨氮处理组于24 h便出现(20.3±2.1)%死亡率,并且96 h后存活率降为0。而相同条件下,随试验时间的延长,方斑东风螺死亡率也越高。氨氮浓度和处理时间均对方斑东风螺免疫酶活力有显著的影响(P < 0.05)。与对照组相比,处理组CAT和AKP活性均表现出“诱导—抑制”的趋势,ACP和T-SOD活性表现出“抑制—诱导”的趋势,CSH-PX活性呈现“诱导—抑制—诱导”的趋势,而氨氮对处理个体POD活性的影响整体表现为抑制作用。可见,养殖水体中的氨氮会对方斑东风螺免疫酶活性产生较大的影响。本研究从生态现象和生理指标相结合的方式阐述了氨氮对方斑东风螺个体的致毒特性,将对方斑东风螺的养殖具有实用意义,充实了氨氮对贝类毒理实验免疫性能层面的基础数据,可为其他贝类氨氮胁迫实验提供数据基础和科学依据。     

降雨量对科尔沁沙地3种沙生植物生长和生理的影响

对降水格局变化的响应是植物适应环境的重要方面。通过野外增减雨试验,研究了降水变化对科尔沁沙地3种沙生植物生长特性和生理特征的影响。结果表明：（1）6月植被平均密度最大,7月平均盖度最大,降雨量增加60%时,植被盖度最大,为58.0%。（2）增雨区的主要植物为雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）和猪毛菜（Salsola collina）,减雨区主要植物为蒺藜（Tribulus terrestris）,降雨量减少60%时,蒺藜在6、7、8月密度分别为70%、80%、79%,显著高于其他植物。（3）降雨量减少时,3种沙生植物的相对含水量（RWC）减少,而细胞膜透性增加;蒺藜RWC高于雾冰藜和猪毛菜,但是丙二醛（MDA）正好相反;蒺藜的耐脱水能力和细胞膜的耐伤害程度强于雾冰藜和猪毛菜。（4）随着降雨量的增加,3种植物的光能转化效率（F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ）逐渐增加,但随干旱天数的增加而减小。     

维生素E和硒互作对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗氧化系统的调节作用

采用二因素三水平设计试验,用添加不同水平配比的VE和Se(mg/kg)的饵料G0(0,0)、G1(200,0.2)、G2(200,0.4)、G3(200,0.8)、G4(400,0.2)、G5(400,0.4)、G6(400,0.8)、G7(800,0.2)、G8(800,0.4)、G9(800,0.8)投喂凡纳滨对虾,研究VE和Se对体长3cm左右凡纳滨对虾体液抗氧化系统的影响,试验进行4周。结果表明,第2周时,VE、VE和Se对O2?、酚氧化酶(PO)、血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)有显著影响(P0.05);Se对PO、血清和肝胰腺中T-AOC以及肝胰腺中GPx有显著影响(P0.05)。第4周时,VE和Se协同作用对4种抗氧化指标都有显著影响(P0.05)。第2、4周时,抗氧化酶活力比第0周显著升高。对O2?的研究发现,在第2和第4周时,G8组血细胞O2?最多。第2周时,血清PO在G5、G9组活力最高(P0.05),两组间差异不显著(P0.05);血清和肝胰腺中T-AOC在G2、G3组最高(P0.05);对虾肝胰腺中GPx酶活力在G3和G5组达到最高(P0.05),两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。第4周时,G7组PO和GPx活力最高,G9组T-AOC活力达到最高(P0.05)。研究结果提示:添加适量的VE和Se能显著提高对虾抗氧化能力,VE和Se对抗氧化系统具有随时间变化的动态调节作用,VE和Se之间存在交互作用。当在基础饵料中分别添加VE和Se在400mg/kg、0.4mg/kg时,凡纳滨对虾机体抗氧化能力整体达到平衡,能有效抵制氧自由基的损伤。     

3种致病弧菌感染对大黄鱼7种酶活性的影响

大黄鱼溃疡病主要由3种致病弧菌引起:溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus、哈维弧菌V. harveyi和副溶血弧菌V. parahaemolyticus。为了解大黄鱼抗病原菌感染的免疫反应机理,对其疾病防御提供重要的理论基础,本实验将健康的大黄鱼随机分为3个实验组和1个对照组,分别注射0.2 mL的哈维弧菌、溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌及灭菌生理盐水。在人工感染后的第0,1,2,4,7,10,13,16,20天分别采样,通过测定每组大黄鱼血清中7种免疫相关酶活性,比较这3种致病弧菌对大黄鱼影响的差异性。结果表明:在感染后的1～10 d,实验组大黄鱼血清中血清溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、过氧化物酶(POD)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性变化,总体表现为先升高、后降低再逐渐升高最后趋于-致的现象,且不同病原菌之间存在-定的时效差异。 碱性磷酸酶(AKP)对入侵体内的哈氏弧菌反应较敏感,ACP、POD和MPO对溶藻弧菌反应较敏感,LSZ和PO对副溶血弧菌反应较敏感。     

饲料脂肪水平对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活力及组织结构的影响

以脂肪质量分数分别为5.77%、7.71%、8.93%、11.89%、13.75%、16.42%的饲料饲喂红鳍东方鲀(Takifugurubripe)幼鱼56 d,测定其肝脏抗氧化酶活力和总抗氧化能力,并对其肝脏、肠及肌肉进行组织学观察,研究不同饲料脂肪水平对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活力及组织结构的影响。结果表明,5.77%组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力与其他各组间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活力的最高值出现在8.93%组,且显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。饲料脂肪水平大于8.93%的实验组间超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力差异不显著(P>0.05),且显著低于8.93%组;5.77%、7.71%、8.93%组呈增加趋势,且各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力的峰值出现在13.75%组,且显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),总体呈先增加后降低的趋势。组织学观察表明,5.77%、7.71%、8.93%组,虽然肝脏也有脂肪空泡存在,但是肝脏、肠和肌肉组织结构完整,无明显病变现象;11.89%、13.75%、16.42%组的肝脏、肠和肌肉均有不同程度的病变现象,各组间差别明显。由此认为,脂肪水平为8.93%组,抗氧化酶活力最高,该脂肪水平下的饲料对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼肝脏代谢最有利,组织结构完整无病变。     

Acclimatory responses to high-salt stress in Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae) from Antarctica

Antarctic ice microalga can survive and thrive in channels or pores containing high salinity in Antarctic ice layer. In this study, it was found that cell membrane permeability of green microalga Chlamydomonas sp. L4 from Antarctic sea ice was high in cells treated with hypersalinity due to the induction of active oxygen and radicals. However, increased super oxide dismutase (SOD) scavenged harmful free radicals effectively to keep cell membrane integrity. Also, the analysis of membrane fatty acids demonstrated the content of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids increased and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased under the high-salt treatment for 14 d, which effectively reduced the membrane fluidity and minimized the injury to cell membrane. The morphological changes showed that hypersalinity induced the increase of cell volume and the consumption of starch granules. However, because of the increase in detoxification of vacuoles, electron-dense deposits and SOD activity under high-salt stress, the complete noninterference thylakoids, mitochondria and cell nucleus maintained cellular fundamental metabolism. Global-expression profiling of proteins showed eight protein spots disappeared, 18 protein spots decreased and 18 protein spots were enhanced after the high-salt shock obviously (P<0.05). One new peptide (pI 6.90; MW 51 kDa) was primarily confirmed as the processor of light reaction center protein CP43 in photosystem Ⅱ, which increased photosynthesis ability of Chlamydomonas sp. L4 treated with high salinity.