虾夷马粪海胆黑嘴病的初步研究

对虾夷马粪海胆“黑嘴病”进行了初步的研究。经分离、纯化后鉴定黑嘴病的病原菌为坚强芽孢杆菌 (BacillusfirmusBredemannetWarner)。同时报道了该菌为革兰氏阳性杆菌 ,大小为(0.6～0.7)μm×(0.8～1.0)μm。可在1%～7%NaCl中生长 ,最适盐度2～3 ;最适pH为7～8;生长温度为8～26℃ ,最适生长温度为15℃。该菌对磺胺甲基异恶唑、复方新诺明和头孢噻肟等抗生素敏感 ,可用之治疗     

A micro-dilution method for detecting oxytetracycline-resistant bacteria in marine sediments from salmon and mussel aquaculture sites and an urbanized harbour in Atlantic Canada

A micro-dilution technique with changes in optical density (OD) used to measure bacterial growth over 72 h in culture media containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 microg OTC (oxytetracycline)ml(-1) was applied to determine growth inhibition (GI) in mixed bacterial strains cultured from samples of marine sediments and salmon feed pellets. Growth of control cultures (Aeromonas salmonicida) was inhibited at all OTC concentrations. Some feed pellet samples and under-cage sediments from salmon aquaculture sites in the Bay of Fundy showed GI up to > or = 160 microg OTCml(-1). Lower values (40 to 80 microg OTC ml(-1)) occurred in subsurface (5-18 cm) sediments, > 100 m from salmon pens and adjacent to sewage outfalls in Halifax Harbour. GI values < 20 microg OTC ml(-1) in sediment from reference locations in Halifax Harbour and mussel aquaculture sites are considered to reflect natural background levels for OTC resistance.     

5 种抗生素对嗜水气单胞菌的抗菌后效应研究

采用菌落计数法测定了盐酸恩诺沙星、盐酸左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星等5种抗生素对嗜水气单胞菌的抗菌后效应(PAE).结果显示,盐酸左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星、盐酸沙拉沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星、烟酸诺氟沙星在1×MIC、2×MIC 和4×MIC 浓度时,对嗜水气单胞菌都有抗生素后效应,并随着抗生素浓度的增加,抗菌后效应的时间也延长.     

Fate of antibiotics during wastewater treatment and antibiotic distribution in the effluent-receiving waters of the Yellow Sea,northern China

Antibiotics including three β-lactams, two fluoroquinolones and two macrolides, which were the top seven most prescribed antibiotics in Dalian, China, were selected to investigate their occurrence in six municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their distribution in the effluent-receiving waters of the Yellow Sea. Four WWTPs employing different treatment technologies were selected to explore the mechanism of antibiotics elimination during wastewater treatment. Results showed that fluoroquinolones and macrolides were dominant species in both WWTPs effluents and the surveyed coastal waters. Biodegradation was the main pathway for β-lactams removal, however, primary treatment performed better than biological treatment for fluoroquinolones removal. Concentrations of macrolides increased dramatically after the biological treatment, which was probably due to the release of macrolides enclosed in feces particles. In the surveyed coastal waters, reduction of antibiotic concentration with distance was observed. Potential environmental risk caused by the occurrence of these antibiotics should be evaluated in future work.     

裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)配子体对四种抗生素的敏感性研究

采用显微计数的方法获得潮霉素、氯霉素、卡那霉素、硫酸链霉素等抗生素对裙带菜雌、雄配子体的致死率，通过统计分析研究了雌雄配子体对这些抗生素的敏感性。结果表明，裙带菜雌雄配子体对潮霉素和氯霉素敏感，482．7μg／ml潮霉素分别在第9、10天使雄配子体、雌配子体全部致死；雌雄配子体对氯霉素的敏感性还存在明显的差异，第8天氯霉素对雌雄配子体的半致死剂量分别是218．78μg／ml和371．54μg／ml。配子体对卡那霉素，硫酸链霉素相对不敏感，6000KU／L卡那霉素和800μg／ml的硫酸链霉素作用10天后雌雄配子体均无明显死亡现象。潮霉素和氯霉素可以作为裙带菜配子体的筛选试剂。     

广西青狮潭水库水体喹诺酮类抗生素的分布特征及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱法对桂林市青狮潭水库喹诺酮类抗生素（氧氟沙星（OFX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、环丙沙星（CIP）、恩诺沙星（ENR））进行监测,并分析其污染来源和生态风险.结果表明：青狮潭水库水体中氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星的检出浓度范围分别为50.00~660.13、3.70~5.00、3.49~6.22和4.59~6.06 ng/L;与国内河流抗生素浓度水平相比,青狮潭水库水体中喹诺酮类抗生素浓度处于中等偏低水平;青狮潭水库水体喹诺酮类抗生素浓度与水体理化性质的相关性分析表明：NOR浓度与pH相关性极显著、与浊度相关性显著,CIP浓度与总磷浓度相关性显著,OFX和ENR浓度与理化指标无显著相关性;生态风险评价结果表明青狮潭水库东湖区、西湖区水体中OFX存在高风险,NOR、CIP与ENR处于中等风险水平.     

Residues of selected antibiotics in water and mud from shrimp ponds in mangrove areas in Viet Nam

In recent years, antibiotics have been used widely in intensive shrimp culture and this may lead to their contamination of the environment. Surveys on residues of trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), norfloxacin (NFXC) and oxolinic acid (OXLA) in water and mud in shrimp ponds in mangrove areas were conducted in the north as well as in south of Viet Nam in July and August, 2002. The results show that these antibiotics are found in all samples in both shrimp ponds and surrounding canals. The highest concentrations of TMP, SMX, NFXC and OXLA are 1.04, 2.39, 6.06, and 2.50 ppm in water samples; and 734.61, 820.49, 2615.96, 426.31 ppm (based on wet mud weight), respectively. The comparison of antibiotics residues between study sites and types of shrimp ponds will be discussed in this paper. The results also suggest that antibiotics residues may cause harmful effect on ecosystems in the study sites.