Intercellular localization of nitrogenase in a non-heterocystous cyanobacterium (cyanophyte), <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichodesmium</Emphasis> sp. NIBB1067

The nitrogenase activities of cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium are strictly light-dependent, although they do not develop heterocysts. Recently, the development of heterocyst-equivalent cells (diazocytes) was suggested in Trichodesmium spp. However, no cells with a similar appearance to diazocytes could be found in Trichodesmium sp. NIBB1067. An immunocytochemical analysis of nitrogenase in individual cells was performed using polyclonal antibodies generated from DNA fragments of genes encoding the Fe-protein and the α-and the β-subunit of the MoFe-protein of nitrogenase of Trichodesmium sp. NIBB1067. Visualization of the antibody binding was carried out using a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody and a chromogenic substrate, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, to avoid the masking effects caused by the bright autofluorescence emitted by Trichodesmium cells. Nitrogenase proteins were detected in almost all the cells (always higher than 95% of total cells) grown under nitrogen-limited conditions. These results indicate that Trichodesmium sp. NIBB1067 does not differentiate heterocyst-equivalent cells.     

网箱养殖石斑鱼病毒性神经坏死病流行调查

厦门海水网箱养殖石斑鱼春、夏季节暴发性疾病经过流行病学调查和病原检测,确认主要病原为病毒性神经坏死病毒,病鱼外观表现典型的神经异常症状。应用逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT—PCR）技术检测5种石斑鱼：赤点石斑鱼（Epinephelus akaara）、青石斑鱼（E．awoara）、云纹石斑鱼（Emoara）、紫石斑鱼（E．lanceolatus）、马拉巴石斑鱼（E．malabaricus）.检测76条石斑鱼,检出率90％;病鱼的脑、视网膜、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏等组织均能检出神经坏死病毒（NNV）,以脑和视网膜检出率最高,肾脏次之,肝脏、脾脏检出率较少,鳃未检出。     

福寿螺入侵中国的扩散动态及潜在分布

福寿螺(Pomacea spp.)严重破坏了农业生产和生态系统,并且对人类健康形成致命的威胁.其中小管福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)是世界100种恶性外来入侵物种之一.通过收集福寿螺分布数据绘制分布动态图,重建福寿螺在我国的扩散动态,明晰福寿螺的扩散方向和扩散速度.扩散过程表明福寿螺在中国南方的分布区将会继续扩大范围,有进一步向北扩散的趋势,扩散速度持续增长,未来可能在南方形成全面入侵格局.使用气候和海拔数据变量构建最大熵模型,预测福寿螺的潜在分布区和影响福寿螺分布的关键环境变量,结果显示:浙江、福建、江西、广东、广西、海南和台湾等省已成为福寿螺的高分布区,其危害十分严重;上海、湖北、湖南、四川、西藏、贵州、重庆和云南为中分布区,但也具有较高的潜在暴发风险.环境变量分析显示:年均温度是影响福寿螺分布的最重要环境变量.受试者工作曲线(ROC)检测了模型预测结果的准确度,AUC平均值为0.97,说明预测结果准确,可信度高.这些结果可为进一步开展福寿螺在我国的扩散趋势预测、建立风险评估体系以及制定有效的防治措施提供依据.     

Alien cyanobacteria Anabaena bergii var. limnetica Couté et Preisig from Lithuania: Some aspects of taxonomy, ecology and distribution

The anthropogenic eutrophication of surface waters and the global climate warming promoted some bloom-forming tropical cyanobacteria, including Anabaena, distribution northwards. Anabaena bergii var. limnetica was for the first time recorded in Lithuania from the hypertrophic Lake Gineitišk?s in 2008. It developed when the water temperature reached its annual maximum (July–August); its highest biomass (0.26 mg L⁻¹) was reached at the end of July. Akinetes formation started in the middle of August. The morphological variability of A. bergii var. limnetica morphospecies is presented. The morphological, ecological differences and distribution of A. bergii var. limnetica and the related morphospecies A. bergii, A. bergii f. minor, Anabaena minderi are discussed.     

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATES OF SYNECHOCOCCUS SPP. GROWTH AND GRAZING MORTALITY RATES IN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL

The marine chroococcoid phycoerythrin-containing Synechococcus spp.cyanobacterium has been impli-cated as a subsetantial component of the photosynthetic picoplankton in the ocean. Although its imppr-tance as food source for heterotrophic nanoplankton is now recognized, information about the cycling ofSynechococcus biomass and its diel pattern is limited and study methodology varies among authors. Theselective metabolic inhibitor method was used to simultaneously estimate growth and grazing disappearancerates of Synechococcus in the English Channel where growth rates ranged from 0.25 to 0.72/d (mean±SD=0.51±0.17/d) and grazing mortality rates ranged from 0.19 to 0.64/d (mean ±SD=0.48±0.17/d).Size-fractionated experiments demonstrated that up to 70% of Synechosoccus disappearance could be attri-buted to grazers going through a 2 μm Nuclepore filter. Synechococcus grazing mortality rates (mean=0.74±0.25/d) during the day were alwnys higher than that (mean=0.21±0.20d) during the night, while growthrat     

应用黄金分割法优选小球藻的培养温度

利用黄金分割(0.618)优选法测定了两株分离自海南近岸海域的小球藻(Chlorella spp.)的最适生长温度。结果表明,黄金分割优选法可以较少的实验次数找到小球藻的最适培养温度。两株小球藻在15～40℃温度范围内均可生长。小球藻HNC11的最适生长温度为34～36.5℃;小球藻HNC2的最适生长温度为28～30.5℃左右。     

Tidal flow near Mana Island,Cook Strait,New Zealand

Numerical calculations carried out for tidal flow on a small region of the New Zealand coast near Mana Island (41° 5 S, 174° 47 E) solved a finite difference form of the tidal equations, and assumed that the velocity boundary conditions could be approximated by a modified Kelvin wave formula. The results were exponentially smoothed in time at each step in the calculation to remove spurious modes.

The main results are shown as plots of tidal velocity vectors around Mana Island at equally spaced time intervals over a tidal cycle for one run commencing at low tide. The flow becomes very complex, with eddy shedding occurring in the wake of Mana Island, and a tidal rip developing across the shallow connection between Mana Island and the mainland.     

Biological features of Pupu Springs

The flora and fauna of Pupu Springs (40°51'S, 172° 46'E) and five other New Zealand cold springs are described. In Pupu Springs there are 16 species of algae, 10 species of bryophytes (including three species of liverworts), and 5 species of angiosperms. The fauna includes a phreatic form (an eyeless planarian, Dugesia sp.), a possible glacial relict (the caddis fly Rakiura vernale), and cold stenotherms (e.g., the caddis fly Psilochorema tautoru). The most abundant animals in the New Zealand springs are Mollusea, Crustacea, and’ larvae of Plecoptera, Diptera, and Trichoptera.

Pupu Springs consist of five biotopes and associated biocoenoses.     

New records of distribution and co‐occurrence of freshwater calanoid copepods in New Zealand (note)

Calamoecia lucasi was found with Boeckella propinqua in the Kaihoka Lakes, Nelson, and Boeckella hamata with Boeckella triarticulata in Lake Elterwater, Marlborough. These are the first records of C. lucasi in the South Island, New Zealand, and of B. hamata co‐occurring with B. triarticulata.     

Cyanobacteria in New Zealand inland waters: Experimental studies

A small volume of experimental work with cyanobacteria in New Zealand has been produced through the last two decades. Except for some studies with geothermal organisms biased to New Zealand conditions, most work has followed the world‐wide trends in cyanobacterial research. There has been some emphasis on N₂‐fixing species, but symbiotic relationships, metabolic kinetics, nutrient and other environmental factors promoting ecological dominance, and toxicity have been investigated.