再谈如何做好地勘项目预算编制工作

地质勘查预算标准是安排省地勘项目的主要依据,预算编制水平直接影响财政资金的分配和地勘项目的管理。从预算编制的准备工作、技术条件、表式分类、工作手段及费用指标解释、编制说明等各方面逐一进行了分析和阐述,具有一定的实用性和可操作性,对于提高和完善预算编制工作,具有促进和推动作用。     

南极和北极地区在全球变化中的作用研究

近半个世纪的调查基本揭示了极地在地球系统中的作用。两极保持了世界 99%的冰川 ,相当于全球淡水的 78% ,全部融化将使地球海平面上升 70m。极区又是世界气候系统中最活泼的组成 ,通过其冰盖、大气和周围海域的强烈耦合过程而影响全球。同时 ,南极上空臭氧空洞的出现 ,北极地区冻土带的北移等都表明全球变化也在明显地影响着两极。中国 2 0年来对南极的考察过程中 ,建立两个南极科学考察站 ,拥有极地考察破冰船 ,1999年开展了中国首次北极科学考察 ,对南北极的区域特征及其在全球变化中的作用提出了新的认识。     

数字海洋研究的知识图谱分析与前景展望

自数字海洋的概念提出至今,已有20年整。本文以数字海洋为关键词,检索中国知识资源总库中1999—2018年间公开发表的数字海洋研究文献,综合运用科学知识图谱分析方法,研究总结了20年内数字海洋研究的发展过程、学科参与、研究质量、演进特征等。研究结果表明:①20年来,数字海洋研究成果日益丰富,受关注度逐渐提升;②以海洋科学为中心,多学科共同融合参与;③资源类型全面,但研究质量仍需提升;④前沿热点突出,紧跟信息化潮流。在经历过快速发展阶段之后,当前的数字海洋研究已进入一个相对稳定的阶段,但在研究内容和方法技术等方面仍有探索空间和必要性。分析认为,未来的数字海洋研究应朝着全球化、应用化、精细化、智能化等方向发展,以期进入一个新的研究高潮。     

现代学徒制背景下的教学设计与实践——以工程变形测量课程为例

随着工程测量技术专业的发展,校企基于现代学徒制的特点开始开展深度合作,重点在于培养更多无缝对接岗位需求的高素质技术技能人才。根据近些年的《工程变形测量》课程教学经验,从设计思路与原则、提炼教学目标、凝练教学内容、改进教学方法与手段、精准考核与评价等方面进行课程教学与探索,通过江西环境工程职业学院1个班级的教学探索,取得了预期的良好成效,为后期工程变形测量课程教学继续深入改革与探索做好铺垫。     

Implementation and Effectiveness of GIS-Based Projects in Secondary Schools

This study aims to provide an understanding of the main obstacles to conducting GIS-based projects in secondary schools and to determine the effects of these projects on students, teachers, and schools. The study was conducted in three public high schools in Turkey. The students first surveyed over 4,015 people in their school districts to understand the main social, environ- mental, and economic problems in their area, then conducted nine different GIS-based projects to help design solutions to these problems. As seen in the study, GIS is a very important teaching and learning tool for secondary schools; however, its effective use depends on planning, motivation, support, resources, time, and enthusiasm, especially for teachers.     

An Approach to leaching Applied GIS: Implementation for Local Organizations

Abstract

Geographic information systems (GIS) is a fairly new and evolving curriculum area within geography and other disciplines at colleges and universities in the United States. The challenge of teaching underlying concepts of GIS functionality, the details of computer operation and software interfaces, as well as the contexts of various applications can be a difficult one. At Indiana University of Pennsylvania, a teaching strategy—Client-Life Cycle GIS Project Learning—has been introduced in which students in an upper level GIS course work with local organizations, faculty from other university departments, and governmental entities. This allows students with some GIS background to work with real clients; utilize and operationalize the concepts of the GIS Project Life Cycle; make the connection between data development, analysis, and applications development; provide expertise and needed data to local organizations; and see the utility and impact of their work. A group pilot project from the spring semester of 1998 is discussed to illustrate how students responded to this method of teaching GIS.     

水利工程对长江荆南三口水系连通功能变化的影响

为了揭示荆南三口地区水利工程与水系连通功能的定量关系,基于1954、1975、1990、2008和2016年5期的水利工程与水系连通功能的相关数据,运用集对分析和相关分析等方法,定量评价了水利工程对长江荆南三口水系连通功能的影响,结果表明：1）区内外水利工程与多年日均径流保证率、河道断流率、输沙效率的相关系数（R²）均＞0.5,皆达到显著性水平。2）自然功能3个模块的联系主值数基本呈下降趋势,但物质能量传递功能与生态维系功能下降尤为明显。1990年之前物质能量传递与生态维系功能处于一个较好的状态,1990年后这2项功能的等级已下降至“差”;社会功能3个模块的联系主值数的变化各不相同。洪涝防御功能一直处于上升状态,而水资源调配功能和水能与水运资源利用功能都在1954-1990年呈下降趋势,1990年后,水资源调配功能逐渐回升,水能与水运资源利用功能持续下降。3）1954-2008年自然功能等级和综合功能等级都有所下降,直到2016年才稍有回升,但升幅较小,等级较低;社会功能等级在1954-1990年较低,2008年以后回升,且明显高于自然功能等级。     

近年长江口北支涌潮变化及其成因分析

长江口北支的围垦使北支上、中段形成了河宽沿程变率较小的弯曲河槽,沿北支北岸的深槽水深条件得到改善,减弱了涌潮发生的条件,导致青龙港涌潮自2003年以来大为减弱。通过引进局部地形指数,建立了局部地形指数与青龙港平均涨率之间的良好相关关系。研究表明,青龙港平均涨率的年际变化与人类活动(围垦)在北支的进程以及青龙港附近的局部地形变化相应,并认为对于复式断面,采用全断面水力指标并不能很好地反映局部地形对涌潮的影响。由于长江口北支涌潮的近年变化将对长江南、北支分流点水域的河床演变产生重大影响,因此本研究对北支的航道整治和岸线开发利用具有现实意义。     

Transient States in Diagenesis Following the Deposition of a Gravity Layer: Dynamics of O<Subscript>2</Subscript>, Mn,Fe and N-Species in Experimental Units

Biogeochemical processes induced by the deposition of gravity layer in marine sediment were studied in a 295-day experiment. Combining voltammetric microelectrode measurements and conventional analytical techniques, the concentrations of C, O₂, N-species, Mn and Fe have been determined in porewaters and sediments of experimental units. Dynamics of the major diagenetic species following the sudden sediment deposition of few cm-thick layer was explained by alternative diagenetic pathways whose relative importance in marine sediments is still a matter of debate. Time-series results indicated that the diffusion of O₂ from overlying waters to sediments was efficient after the deposition event: anoxic conditions prevailed during the sedimentation. After a few days, a permanent oxic horizon was formed in the top few millimetres. At the same time, the oxidation of Mn²⁺ and then Fe²⁺, which diffused from anoxic sediments, contributed to the surficial enrichment of fresh Mn(III/IV)- and Fe(III)-oxides. Vertical diffusive fluxes and mass balance calculations indicated that a steady-state model described the dynamic of Mn despite the transitory nature of the system. This model was not adequate to describe Fe dynamics because of the multiple sources and phases of Fe²⁺. No significant transfer of Mn and Fe was observed between the underlying sediment and the new deposit: Mn- and Fe-oxides buried at the original interface acted as an oxidative barrier to reduced species that diffused from below. Nitrification processes led to the formation of a NO₃⁻/NO₂⁻ rich horizon at the new oxic horizon. Over the experiment period, NO₃⁻ concentrations were also measured in the anoxic sediment suggesting anaerobic nitrate production.     

农牧民偏好对政府主导生态建设工程的生态适应性意义——以江西山江湖和青海三江源为例

使用参与性农村评估、历史资料文献、生态时限等方法,重点分析农牧民偏好对生态建设工程的生态适应性。结果表明：山江湖农民和三江源牧民在经济收益最大、生产方式延续和信仰习俗维持上的偏好是决定政府主导生态建设工程能否顺利实施并取得预期成效的稳定性力量,具体生态适应性措施选择和对策安排时必须确保、延续或维持,它们有的可为生态适应性对策的安排或进一步合适调整提供新的思路或指示,有的则因本身就是生态适应性恢复或重建做法可直接利用的。但是,山江湖农民偏好归根结底就是对经济利益最大化的追求,山场重建的适应性安排中易于利用,而三江源牧民偏好则仍停留于宗教习俗框架内,草场恢复的适应性调控中难以改变。但在施加适当引导措施的情景下,前者可转换为更为主动的适应性参与而后者仍有很大的被动性。