南水北调西线工程区地质图三维可视化表达及其意义

传统地质图由于采用正射投影的方法表达地质现象,只能表达地质现象在二维欧氏空间的定位,很难表达地质现象的三维空间特征。结合数字高程模型,在地理信息系统的支持下制作的南水北调西线工程区的三维可视化地质图,可更好地判读地质体的空间信息,便于分析地质体的空间展布规律。     

甘肃陇南市武都区小水沟泥石流治理防治工程

2008年5.12汶川特大地震对甘肃省陇南市造成了严重危害。震后次生地质灾害对陇南市城镇村庄、交通和人民群众生命财产安全造成严重威胁。武都区蒲池乡小水沟震后产生了大量的崩塌、滑塌堆积体,一旦遭遇暴雨,极易发生泥石流灾害,直接危及小水沟沟口左岸九年制义务学校一座及沟口两岸居民,因此治理该泥石流沟是十分必要的。通过对当地暴雨特征、地层岩性、地质构造、泥石流固体物质源及形成的踏勘,针对该泥石流具有危险度高,流量大的特点,执行全面规划、重点治理的设计思路,采取了防护、生物工程相结合的综合防治措施。拦挡工程为有效发挥工程泻洪、拦渣、调节、固床、稳坡和控制固体物质补给量,预防沟道下切及沟壑发展,减少泥石流对下游村庄危害,起到了积极作用;生物工程的主要作用是稳固堤前砂土、减缓水石流流速、减小水石流对护堤的直接冲蚀和破坏、保障堤内居民生命财产安全和耕地的正常使用、增大植被覆盖率,绿化环境等。     

Drought characterization: a probabilistic approach

Using the alternative renewable process and run theory, this study investigates the distribution of drought interval time, mean drought interarrival time, joint probability density function and transition probabilities of drought events in the Kansabati River basin in India. The standardized precipitation index series is employed in the investigation. The time interval of SPI is found to have a significant effect of the probabilistic characteristics of drought.     

水利工程震害中土工结构低应力破坏实例分析

实际工程活动与低应力下土石料工程性质密切相关。总结了与低应力条件相关的工程活动,在总结分析以往地震中堤防和坝体滑坡案例的基础上,指出滑坡深度通常小于7 m,其上覆有效应力大多小于100 kPa。在对106组地震液化数据资料分析的基础上,指出地基液化大多发生在上覆有效应力低于100 kPa的低应力条件下。在目前的研究中,通常只关注中、高应力条件下土石料的工程性质。在应用中低应力区的土石料计算参数取值通常与中、高应力条件下获得的强度和变形参数一致,而高、低应力条件下土石料的强度和变形特性是不同的,这种计算参数取值方法的适用性存在疑虑。因此,研究低应力条件下土石料的工程性质,探讨数值计算中低应力条件下土石料计算参数的取值方法,具有重要的工程意义和科学价值。     

都江堰市龙池镇黄央沟泥石流特征与防治工程效果分析

黄央沟位于“5.12”汶川地震的极重灾区四川省都江堰市龙池镇,地震使沟内山体发生大规模的滑坡和崩塌,其为泥石流的形成提供了丰富的松散固体物质。地震后黄央沟泥石流十分活跃,2010年8月13日、8月18日和2013年7月9日均暴发了泥石流,造成了严重的经济损失。笔者通过对黄央沟泥石流灾害现场进行实地调查,详细分析了黄央沟泥石流的形成条件和发育特征,并对已有防治工程效果进行了分析和探讨。针对防治工程存在的问题和黄央沟泥石流的特点,建议在沟道下游和堆积区修建排导沟,使泥石流顺畅排入龙溪河;采取工程和生物措施来稳定沟道内的崩滑堆积体和不稳定斜坡,减少泥石流物源;沟口公路采用高架桥跨越方式通过泥石流堆积扇。该研究结果可为强震区泥石流灾害的防治提供参考。     

Natural disasters as the end of the insurance industry? Scalar competitive strategies, Alternative Risk Transfers, and the economic crisis

The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina has piqued interest in the insurance industry, and this scrutiny has led to assumptions that the industry has become unstable and unprofitable with the increased incidence of disasters in highly-insured regions of the world. This paper challenges that assumption by arguing that the insurance industry has responded by spreading risk through scaled and networked recovery schemes. We found that because of competitive strategies of risk-spreading and displacement arrangements, the industry has actually profited as a whole. Regional insurance companies have always relied on the higher financial scales of the reinsurance industry in Munich, Zurich, and London. But with claims reaching into the billions of dollars, the reinsurance industry itself has raised premiums, spread risk farther afield, and jumped scale by spreading risk to futures markets called Alternative Risk Transfers (ARTs). However, the recession beginning in 2008 has called into question the viability of using futures markets as insurance. It is shown through a media analysis of four major business publications (The Economist, The New York Times, The Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal) how the industry responded to the costs of the 2004, 2005, and 2006 hurricane seasons. Because geography is rather new to this literature, this paper also offers a broad review of the insurance industry.     

国外CO2地质储存现状与展望

温室气体CO2的大量排放给全球气候和环境带来的巨大影响,受到了世界各国的关注。实现CO2的深度减排是人类可持续发展的必由之路。CO2地质储存是缓解碳排放行之有效的方法之一。本文通过以下几方面论述了国外CO2地质储存的现状以及对未来的展望：1）CO2捕集机理,2）CO2地质储存,3）CO2地质储存项目现状与未来预测,4）CO2地质储存场地储量评估,5）CO2地质储存监测技术,6）CO2地质储存模拟工具,7）CO2地质存储经费等。     

Inconstancy in predator/prey ratios in Quaternary large mammal communities of Italy, with an appraisal of mechanisms

Constancy in predator/prey ratio (PPR) is a controversial issue in ecological research. Published reports support both constancy and inconstancy of the ratio in animal communities. Only a few studies, however, specifically address its course through time. Here we study the course of predator/prey ratio in communities of large Plio-Pleistocene mammals in Italy. After controlling for taphonomic biases, we find strong support for PPR inconstancy through time. Extinction, dispersal events, and differences in body size trends between predators and their prey were found to affect the ratio, which was distributed almost bimodally. We suggest that this stepwise dynamic in PPR indicates changes in ecosystem functioning. Prey richness was controlled by predation when PPR was high and by resources when PPR was low.     

Escaping the corporate net: Pragmatics of small boat direct marketing in the U.S. Salmon fishing industry of the Northeastern pacific

This article considers corporate power in the fishing industry of southeast Alaska and Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, as experienced by direct marketing salmon gillnet fishermen. Tracing the evolution of a small family-based fish business, this paper examines survival strategies of independent fishermen in a context of concentrated corporate power. Topics addressed include corporate domination of the fishing industry, “niche” alternatives to the commodity system, alliance with the farmers’ market movement, obstacles to direct sales and the critical role of family participation.