崎岖列岛附近海域浮游植物与水环境状况研究

于2001年冬(2月)、春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)首次对崎岖列岛附近海域的浮游植物和赤潮生物与枯水期(2月)、丰水期(7月)的水质进行了调查研究.采用浮游植物细胞丰度法和环境质量单项评价标准指数法,对该海域环境质量状况进行评估.结果表明:崎岖列岛附近海域共有浮游植物6门45属90种,其中赤潮生物有33种,浮游植物平均细胞丰度从大到小的顺序为,夏季(4.25×104个/dm3),秋季(3.85×104个/dm3),春季(2.66×104个/dm3),冬季(5.20×103个/dm3).底泥中发现的藻类有80种,其中赤潮生物有31种,并发现一些甲藻孢囊及休眠孢子.底泥藻类丰度为12~612个/g,平均值为68个/g.主要有害赤潮生物为具齿原甲藻Prorocentrum dentatum(东海区的东海原甲藻P.donghaiense),链状亚历山大藻Alexandrium catenella,塔玛亚历山大藻Alexandrium tamarense,项圈亚历山大藻Alexandrium monilatum,尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens,具尾鳍藻Dinophysis caudata,夜光藻Noctiluca scintillans,裸藻Eutreptiella gymnastica等.主要赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum.该海域化学需氧量、活性磷酸盐和无机氮则超标严重,水质已处于严重富营养化状态.     

Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics in the Ebro Delta (Alfacs Bay, NW Mediterranean Sea)

Samples were collected during one annual cycle (April 2007–March 2008) at Alfacs Bay (NW Mediterranean Sea) central station in order to assess the influence of organic nutrients in the growth of the microalgae assemblage, with special reference to Pseudo-nitzschia spp. This potentially toxic diatom forms natural and recurrent blooms in the study area. To assess further the relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and nutrients an enrichment experiment with high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM) was performed with field samples obtained during a Pseudo-nitzschia spp. bloom. HMWDOM was extracted from water collected at Alfacs Bay. Five bioassays were prepared: N + P (seawater with addition of nitrate and phosphate), DOM (addition of HMWDOM), (−N + P) + DOM (nitrogen deficient, with addition of phosphate and HMWDOM), (N + P) + DOM (addition of nitrate, phosphate and HMWDOM), seawater control (without added nutrients), and B + DOM (control of bacteria, without microalgae). The experiment was run in batch mode over 4 days. Results from the field study revealed that the concentrations of organic nutrients mostly surpassed the inorganic pool. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was the most frequent and abundant taxa of the microalgae community. The micro-planktonic assemblage was arranged according to a seasonal factor (ANOSIM and cluster analysis). DON, nitrate and silicate were the most important abiotic parameters contributing to the dissimilarities between seasons (SIMPER analysis) and thereby potentially influencing the seasonal distribution of microalgae in the representative station. In the experimental investigation, Pseudo-nitzschia cells increased by the end of the experiment in the DOM bioassay but no respective increase was observed for chlorophyll a. This could point to an acquisition of nutrients through the DOM fraction that would conjointly reduce the need of chlorophyll a. The data obtained suggest that organic nutrients may exert an important role in the development of microalgae, including Pseudo-nitzschia spp., in the selected location.     

Comparative study of hydrographic conditions for algal bloom formation in the coastal waters of east and west of Hong Kong during 1998

Phytoplankton abundance was found to be positively correlated with seasonal changes of seawater temperature in Port Shelter and Lamma Channel, Hong Kong in 1998. Rising water temperature from around 20°C to 25°C coincided with an increase in phytoplankton abundance at both locations. Heavy rains from June to September reduced salinity from 30 to 20, but the decrease in salinity was not correlated with a decline in phytoplankton abundance. In spring 1998, over 0.6×106 cells dm-3 and 0.1×106 cells dm-3 of the...     

Variations in light absorption properties during a phytoplankton bloom in the Pearl River estuary

From 15 to 28 August in 2007, a Chaetoceros socialis bloom was detected in the Pearl River Estuary water with chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) up to 30 mg m⁻³ and cell density up to 10⁶ cells L⁻¹. Time series of bio-optical measurements was obtained at a single site (114.29°E, 22.06°N) with the mooring of marine optical buoy. Light absorption properties of seawater experienced large variability throughout the algal bloom. Absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was one of the dominant optical components of the light absorption (30–70%) especially for pre- and post-bloom waters, and it tended to decrease with Chl a during the algal bloom. Absorption by phytoplankton was another dominant optical component (18–50%) and increased rapidly with Chl a. Phytoplankton and accompanying material played dominant roles in light absorption as indicated by the relationship between absorption coefficient and Chl a. At high pigment concentrations, water samples showed significantly lower specific phytoplankton absorption, compared with pre- and post-bloom conditions, with the specific phytoplankton concentration at 443 nm varied between 0.011 and 0.022 m² mg⁻¹ and that at 676 nm between 0.007 and 0.018 m² mg⁻¹; small values of blue-to-red ratio of phytoplankton were also observed. These lower values were associated with variations in phytoplankton size structure. Spectral variability of phytoplankton absorption and total absorption (not including the fixed background absorption by pure water itself) could be expressed as simple linear functions linking absorption at one wavelength to the absorption at the other wavelengths, with the slope of the relationship changing with wavelength. The absorption coefficients by non-algal particles and CDOM follow the general exponential functions with remarkably limited variability in the exponent with means of 0.0105 and 0.0166 nm⁻¹, respectively. These spectral dependencies of absorption coefficients provide useful information for retrieving inherent optical properties from reflectance data in a remote-sensing context.     

分层异重流背景下降雨对三峡水库香溪河水华消退的影响

为探究在三峡水库特殊分层异重流背景下降雨对水华消退的影响,以香溪河为例,对库湾降雨前后水动力、生态环境因子开展连续三维立体跟踪监测。结果表明:降雨对水华的消退作用显著,降雨后香溪河库湾叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度明显下降。热分层稳定指数(RWCS/H)变化不大,库湾近河口处分层较弱、中上游分层较强的特性并未随此次降雨发生较大变动。受降雨影响,藻类在表层水体聚集程度降低,藻类聚集度指数(MI)、微藻群体平均深度(MRD)下降。库湾流态随降雨发生而变得复杂,库湾水体浊度明显增加,异重流倒灌形式由近表层倒灌向中下层倒灌转变,雨后又逐渐转变为中层倒灌,长江干流水体倒灌进入库湾的影响范围、潜入深度增加。水体水平输移增强,分散下沉的藻类易随水体环流流出库湾,水华消退。雨后库湾入库流量增加,大部分上游来流依旧由上层流向河口,与中层倒灌异重流形成逆时针环流,藻类无法在表层水体稳定生长,库湾Chl.a浓度能在较长时间内保持较低水平,不会再次迅速暴发水华。     

微囊藻水华期间水体及藻体上细菌的动态

通过对水体中及附着在藻类上的细荫数量、代谢活性细菌、Chl.a浓度等的研究,探讨了藻类与细菌之间的代谢耦联关系,结果表明:1)水体中细菌的丰度随着Chl.a浓度的增加而逐渐增大(r2=0.466,P<0.05),但其峰值滞后于Chl.a;附在藻体表面上的细菌也呈现出相似的变化规律;2)水体中代谢活性细菌数量与总细菌数量显著相关(r2=0.678,P<0.05);附着在藻体上的代谢活性细菌虽然总数量低于水体中的代谢活性细菌,但二者之间亦存在显著的相关性(r2=0.836,P<0.05).3)藻类表面附着细菌的数量取决与藻类的生长状况,附着在藻类体上的代谢活性细菌的比率均高于水体中代谢活性细菌的比率,且在水华盛行期间呈逐渐增加的趋势.     

淡水蓝藻胶被生物学功能及其分子调控研究进展

胶被是蓝藻细胞外部的功能性结构,在蓝藻形态适应性策略中发挥重要作用,影响蓝藻水华发生及其优势维持.近年来,对蓝藻胶被的特性、结构组分、影响因子、及其工业应用等方面已有较为丰富且清晰的科学认识.但对胶被生物学功能及相关分子调控机制的研究却相对较少.本文对淡水蓝藻胶被的产生、生物学功能及其分子调控机制进行了综述,总结了胶被4个方面生物学功能:1)保护屏障抵御外界胁迫;2)参与营养物质的传递、吸收和储存:3)参与运动迁移过程;4)促进蓝藻聚集和水华形成;结合近年来分子生物学前沿技术的应用,本文分析蓝藻胶被合成的分子生物学研究现状;探讨蓝藻响应外界不同环境的胶被分子调控机制,并对蓝藻胶被的未来研究热点进行了展望.     

汉江中下游水华防控生态调度研究

汉江中下游1992-2021年冬春季节共计暴发了十余次大规模水华事件,水生态安全和饮用水安全频繁受到威胁.基于历次水华发生情况,分析总结了汉江中下游水华特征和暴发成因,根据水华与水文过程响应关系研究提出了抑制水华的关键指标及其调控阈值,构建了汉江中下游水利工程联合生态调度方案,明确了抑制水华的生态调度方式和调度持续时间...     

藻华聚集的环境效应:对漂浮植物水葫芦(Eichharnia crassipes)抗氧化酶活性的影响

利用以水葫芦为代表的水生植物进行水体生态治理,具有环保、生态和可持续发展的优点.然而,在外源和内源污染尚未完全控制的情况下,夏季蓝藻水华仍然会频繁暴发.系统研究水生植物对藻华聚集后形成的逆境环境下的生理适应机制可为减轻藻华聚集的不良影响、充分发挥水生植物的水体净化功能发挥重要作用.以水葫芦为代表,采用模拟实验,研究在高温阶段(水温25℃)、水华聚集下对水葫芦关键酶活性的影响及其环境效应,以揭示蓝藻水华聚集后引起的浅水生态系统中水生植物消亡的深层机理.结果表明,藻华聚集会很快消耗掉水生植物根区内的溶解氧,水体呈现缺氧状态(溶解氧0.2 mg/L);植物根区内氧化还原电位值出现明显下降,实验进行1 d后低于-100 m V,实验结束时达-199.9 m V,水体呈现强还原环境.植物叶片中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)含量呈现快速增加的变化趋势,至实验结束时添加120 g/L的处理组中其含量分别为2.17μmol/g(FW)、266.497 U/g、1988.60 U/(g·min),而叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)呈现快速下降的趋势,至实验结束时其含量为6.09 U/(g·min);根系中MDA、POD至实验结束时其含量分别为0.57μmol/g(FW)、525.161 U/(g·min),呈现快速下降的趋势;SOD、CAT含量在实验结束时高达221.71 U/g、35.10 U/(g·min),表现为快速增加的趋势.水葫芦关键抗氧化酶活性的变化,表明藻华长期聚集、腐解带来的水体缺氧等不良条件对植物产生了环境胁迫作用,较长时间影响(5 d)下对植物产生了严重的伤害作用;同时也表明藻华严重聚集及藻细胞腐解产生的环境胁迫是漂浮植物水葫芦无法生长乃至死亡的主要影响因素.因此,在利用水生植物进行水体净化的工程实践中,要避免蓝藻的严重堆积,以减轻藻华暴发对植物的不利影响和充分发挥植物的水体净化功能.     

寡-中营养型水体偶发性蓝藻水华的驱动因素分析——以南京方便水库为例

寡-中营养型水体中,虽然营养盐水平偏低,但仍会偶发性出现较为严重的蓝藻水华现象,其具体机制仍有待深入探索研究.本研究以偶发水华水体方便水库为例,通过历史数据分析和调查研究,探讨了其水华蓝藻的优势类群,并分析了蓝藻水华形成的主要驱动因素.研究发现:方便水库优势的水华蓝藻为浮丝藻和长孢藻,这两种丝状蓝藻是发生偶发性蓝藻水华的潜在风险物种,其中浮丝藻的发生风险最高,风险时段为7-9月.方便水库多年来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,其中总氮浓度的下降趋势快于总磷浓度,整体有利于蓝藻水华的防控,但是营养盐的波动,尤其是随着降雨导致的地表径流入库对水体总磷的脉冲式补充,降低了水体氮磷比,增加了水库偶发蓝藻水华的风险;在营养盐满足的条件下,水温、高锰酸盐指数和氧化还原电位是发生浮丝藻水华的主要驱动因素,氧化还原电位、水温和透明度是发生长孢藻水华的主要驱动因素.本研究结果有助于提升对偶发性蓝藻水华机制的认识和应急处置工作的精准性.