Seasonal abundance, distribution and recruitment of mud crabs (Scylla spp.) in replanted mangroves

The abundance and distribution of mud crabs were studied in a replanted mangrove forest in Buswang, Aklan, Philippines. Two fishing gears, lift nets and bamboo traps, were used to monitor relative abundance of Scylla spp. populations from March 2002 to December 2003 inside the mangrove forest. A third gear, a stakenet set across a creek, was used to monitor crabs migrating out of the mangroves during the ebb tide. Scylla olivacea formed 99.3% and 70.3% of the catch in the mangrove and the stakenet, respectively. The percentage of Scylla tranquebarica increased from <1% in the mangrove catches to 29% in the stakenet. Scylla serrata was present at very low levels in both catches. The lack of modal progression in the size–frequency plots and the year-round catch rate of gravid females suggested that recruitment was constant throughout the year. Even though relative abundance decreased over the study period indicating that the stock is being over-exploited, mud crab production is more than equivalent to that of most natural mangroves.     

中华绒螯蟹人工育苗若干技术问题的探讨

本文对中华绒螯蟹亲蟹的选择、促产以及亲蟹培育、幼体培育、环境控制、饵料投喂及病害防治等技术进行了探讨．     

东海南部海域蟹类种类组成及分布特征

本文根据1998年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和1999年2月(冬)在东海南部海域的蟹类资源调查资料,结合近年相关渔业调查数据,研究分析了该渔场蟹类的种类组成、地理和区系分布及其数量分布的特点.结果表明该渔场蟹类有63种,隶属13科、38属,以热带和亚热带暖水性种为主,属印度-西太平洋区系中的中-日亚区,与南海关系最为密切,而与黄、渤海关系较为疏远.蟹类分布遍及整个调查海区,但时空分布差异明显,调查海区东南部和沿27°45′N一带海域,平均资源密度指数以夏季最高,达276.8kg/km2,秋季最低,仅为40.1kg/km2;同时蟹类数量分布与水深有较大的关系,以水深100~120m海域数量最大,这与主要种类细点圆趾蟹的分布海域区域明显相关;具有开发利用价值的经济种类有十几种,其渔获量占蟹类总渔获量83%,在渔业产量中占主导地位的为细点圆趾蟹、光掌、锈斑和武士等.     

The rupture process and tectonic implications of the great 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake

We have determined the rupture history of the March 28, 1964, Prince Williams Sound earthquake (M _w=9.2) from long-period WWSSNP-wave seismograms. Source time functions determined from the long-periodP waves indicate two major pulses of moment release. The first and largest moment pulse has a duration of approximately 100 seconds with a relatively smooth onset which reaches a peak moment release rate at about 75 seconds into the rupture. The second smaller pulse of moment release starts at approximately 160 seconds after the origin time and has a duration of roughly 40 seconds. Because of the large size of this event and thus a deficiency of on-scale, digitizableP-wave seismograms, it is impossible to uniquely invert for the location of moment release. However, if we assume a rupture direction based on the aftershock distribution and the results of surface wave directivity studies we are able to locate the spatial distribution of moment along the length of the fault. The first moment pulse most likely initiated near the epicenter at the northeastern down-dip edge of the aftershock area and then spread over the fault surface in a semi-circular fashion until the full width of the fault was activated. The rupture then extended toward the southwest approximately 300 km (Ruff andKanamori, 1983). The second moment pulse was located in the vicinity of Kodiak Island, starting at 500 km southwest of the epicenter and extending to about 600 km. Although the aftershock area extends southwest past the second moment pulse by at least 100 km, the moment release remained low. We interpret the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake as a multiple asperity rupture with a very large dominant asperity in the epicentral region and a second major, but smaller, asperity in the Kodiak Island region.The zone that ruptured in the 1964 earthquake is segmented into two regions corresponding to the two regions of concentrated moment release. Historical earthquake data suggest that these segments behaved independently during previous events. The Kodiak Island region appears to rupture more frequently with previous events occurring in 1900, 1854, 1844, and 1792. In contrast, the Prince William Sound region has much longer recurrence intervals on the order of 400–1000 years.     

Are fiddler crabs potentially useful ecosystem engineers in mangrove wastewater wetlands?

The effect of different organic-rich sewage concentration (0%, 20% and 60% diluted in seawater) and absence or presence of mangrove trees on the survival, bioturbation activities and burrow morphology of fiddler crabs species was assessed. After 6 months, males of both species always showed higher survival (80%) when compared to females (20%). Crabs inhabiting pristine conditions achieved higher survival (67–87%) than those living in sewage-exposed mesocosms (40–71%). At 60% sewage loading, fiddler crabs processed less sediment (34–46%) during feeding and excavated slightly more sediment (45–80%) than at pristine conditions. While percent volume of the burrow chambers increased (13–66%) at contaminated mesocosms for both vegetation conditions, burrows were shallower (33%) in bare cells loaded with sewage. The results show that fiddler crabs presented moderate mortality levels in these artificial mangrove wetlands, but mainly in sewage impacted cells. However, they still function as ecosystem engineers through bioturbation activities and burrow construction.     

北极巴罗地区13世纪以来花粉记录的气候变迁及其与青藏高原的比较

北极阿拉斯加巴罗(Barrow)地区(70°21′N,156°40′W)位于北极滨海平原最北端,根据湖泊钻孔花粉记录,210Pb和137Se测定以及多项环境代用指标测试(有机质含量、总C和总N含量、CaCo3),并结合当地现代冻原植被、表层花粉谱、当地70a的气象记录以及有关的冰芯、树龄等资料的综合对比研究,分析了13世纪以来巴罗地区气候和环境变化历史.大约在13世纪以前,巴罗地区植被稀少,气候寒冷,其后冻原植被发育良好,并经历几次演变.结合沉积地球化学元素测试结果和其他环境代用资料研究表明,小冰期以来Barrow地区曾发生3次暖期(公元1540—1600年,1660—1730年和1880—1992)和3次冷期(公元1440—1520年,1610—1650年和1750—1850年).这些冷暖事件与青藏高原冰芯记录对比发现,虽然在高频变化上,不同地区存在着差异,但重大冷暖事件都曾出现.其中3次暖期与青藏高原古里雅冰芯和敦德冰帽中代表温度变化的δ¹⁸O值指示的暖期基本一致,证实巴罗湖芯记录的环境变化序列是可靠的.同时,古里雅和敦德冰芯记录中反映传统小冰期中的15,17,和19世纪的3次冷期,在巴罗湖芯记录中都有显示.     

一秋龄性成熟中华绒螯蟹的生物学─2.生殖、越冬行为及脱壳的可能性

本文对池塘育成的一秋龄成熟中华绒螯蟹生殖行为的观察表明,其具有生殖洄游习性,当年１０月是其活动高峰期,而湖泊放流育成的早熟河蟹其活动高峰在当年１０月及翌年３月,在湖泊淡水水体中少数个体有交配的行为,翌年３月份发现部分雌蟹的纳精囊内有精液。     

北极阿拉斯加巴罗地区Elson泻湖的沉积古环境研究

Ｅｌｓｏｎ泻湖长６０ｃｍ的钻孔岩芯沉积构造、结构、颗粒性状分布等分析表明，该岩芯经历三期差别明显的沉积期，各期沉积动力环境不同。下段搬运介质单一，搬运动力较强，沉积环境相对稳定；上段搬运动力明显减弱，多源介质混合掺杂作用明显，沉积环境稳定性较差；中段为过渡期，各性状介于上、下段之间。     

Molting as a mechanism of depuration of metals in the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax

Metal distributions in the exoskeleton and soft tissues of the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax, were examined during intermolt and immediate postmolt to determine if distribution of the metals changed prior to molting and to determine if molting is a feasible mechanism to depurate metals. Fiddler crabs were collected from two locations in New Jersey, a highly contaminated site and a relatively clean environment. The crabs from the contaminated site had higher concentrations of metals in their soft tissues for Cu, significantly higher concentrations of Pb in their soft tissues and carapace, but did not have any significant differences in concentrations of Zn in comparison to their conspecifics from the relatively clean site during intermolt. Crabs from the contaminated site has significantly higher levels of Cu, Pb, and Zn in both their soft tissues and exuvia immediately after molting. Crabs from both sites shifted copper and zinc from the carapace into the soft tissues prior to molting. Lead distribution shifted from the soft tissues to the exoskeleton prior to molting in the population from the contaminated site but shifted from the exoskeleton into the soft tissues for the relatively clean site. Average percent of the total body burden eliminated during the molting process for the highly contaminated site varied with each metal, 12% Cu, 76% Pb, and 22% Zn. Average percent of the total body burden eliminated during molting process for the relatively clean site also varied with each metal and was significantly lower than the conspecifics from the contaminated site, 3% Cu, 56% Pb, and 8% Zn. Molting can reduce overall body burdens significantly and is a feasible mechanism to depurate lead.