世界大洋中绝热运动导致的纬向翻转环流和纬向热输送

Zonal overturning circulation(ZOC) and its associated zonal heat flux(ZHF) are important components of the oceanic circulation and climate system, although these conceptions have not received adequate attentions.Heaving induced by inter-annual and decadal wind stress perturbations can give rise to anomalous ZOC and ZHF.Based on a simple reduced gravity model, the anomalous ZOC and ZHF induced by idealized heaving modes in the world oceans are studied. For example, in a Pacific-like model basin intensified equatorial easterly on decadal time scales can lead to a negative ZOC with a non-negligible magnitude(–0.3×106 m3/s) and a considerable westward ZHF with an amplitude of –11.2 TW. Thus, anomalous ZOC and ZHF may consist of a major part of climate signals on decadal time scales and thus play an important role in the oceanic circulation and climate change.     

2010年马卡罗夫海盆冰站观测期间垂向热通量时间变化研究

Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Makarov Basin is investigated together with its impacts on sea ice melt and evolution of heat content in the remnant of winter mixed layer(r WML). The upper ocean of the Makarov Basin under sea ice is vertically stratified. Oceanic heat flux from mixed layer(ML) to ice evolves in three stages as a response to air temperature changes, fluctuating from 12.4 W/m2 to the maximum 43.6 W/m2. The heat transferred upward from ML can support(0.7±0.3) cm/d ice melt rate on average, and daily variability of melt rate agrees well with the observed results. Downward heat flux from ML across the base of ML is much less, only 0.87 W/m2, due to enhanced stratification in the seasonal halocline under ML caused by sea ice melt, indicating that increasing solar heat entering summer ML is mainly used to melt sea ice, with a small proportion transferred downward and stored in the r WML. Heat flux from ML into r WML changes in two phases caused by abrupt air cooling with a day lag. Meanwhile, upward heat flux from Atlantic water(AW) across the base of r WML, even though obstructed by the cold halocline layer(CHL), reaches0.18 W/m2 on average with no obvious changing pattern and is also trapped by the r WML. Upward heat flux from deep AW is higher than generally supposed value near 0, as the existence of r WML enlarges the temperature gradient between surface water and CHL. Acting as a reservoir of heat transferred from both ML and AW, the increasing heat content of r WML can delay the onset of sea ice freezing.     

Burial fluxes and sources of organic carbon in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area over the past 200 years

Long-term changes of composition,sources and burial fluxes of TOC(total organic carbon) in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area and their possible affecting factors are discussed in this paper.Firstly,similarity analysis is employed to confirm that the carbon burial features resulted from two collected cores are typical in the central Yellow Sea mud area where YSWC(Yellow Sea Warm Current) is prevalent.On this basis,the burial flux of TOC here was considered to be 235.5–488.4 μmol/(cm2?a) since the first industrial revolution,accounting for about 70%–90% among burial fluxes of TC(total carbon) in the sediments.Compared TOC/TC ratio in the two cores with that in other marine sediments worldwide,we suggest that the growth of calcareous/non-calcareous organisms and dissolution of IC(inorganic carbon) are important factors controlling the TOC/TC ratio in sediment.Results of two-end mixed model based on δ13C data indicate that marine-derived organic carbon(OCa)is the main part among total burial organic carbon which accounts for a ratio over 85%.Due to the high TOC/TC ratio in the two cores,TC in the sediments also mainly exists as OCa,and the proportion of OCa is about 60%–80%.Away from the shore and relatively high primary production in upper waters are the main reasons that OCa is predominant among all burial OC in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area.Burial of OC in this mud area is probably mainly influenced by the human activities.Although the economic development during the late 19 th century caused by the first industrial revolution in China did not obviously increase the TOC burial fluxes in the sediments,the rise of industry and agriculture after the founding of new China has clearly increased the TOC burial flux since 1950 s.Otherwise,we also realize that among TC burial fluxes,TIC account for about 10%–30% in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area,so its burial could not be simply ignored here.Distinct from TOC burial,long-term TIC burial fluxes variations relate with climate changes more closely:the East Asian summer monsoon may influence the strength of the Huanghe River(Yellow River) flood,which could further affect the transport of terrestrial IC from land to the central Yellow Sea as well as the burial of these IC in the sediments.     

1013号“鲇鱼”台风大气边界层低层动量通量逆梯度输送的观测特征

为了进一步揭示大气边界层低层动量通量逆梯度输运的观测事实,本文利用福建南部赤湖镇海边100m铁塔上观测得到的超声风温仪资料,采用诊断方法分析了2010年13号"鲇鱼"台风影响过程中近海面边界层大气中动量垂直通量逆梯度输送特征。结果表明:在逐小时时间尺度上台风近海面边界层大气中湍流动量垂直通量输送以沿梯度方向为主,但也存在一定比例的逆梯度方向输送现象,且越往高层该现象越明显,本文中其百分比最高不超过16%。并且这一现象出现的频率在台风环流的不同区域存在差别:在台风环流的内核区域最多,其次是登陆以后残余环流区,而在早期的台风外围环流中较少。湍流低频扰动的相干结构也是影响因素,当水平扰动与垂直扰动出现同位相变化时容易出现动量垂直通量逆梯度输送。大气动量通量逆梯度的水平和垂直平均空间尺度分别为258m和35m,平均时间尺度分别为123s和13s,均小于通常的顺梯度湍流低频扰动的时空尺度的1—3倍。     

低涡东北部一次暴雨的成因分析

2013年5月15-17日长江下游地区多地出现连续暴雨,数值模式检验显示雨量预报值误差较大。利用常规天气资料、NCEP 0.5°×0.5°格点资料和多普勒雷达资料,对这次暴雨过程进行了成因分析,结果表明:槽前西南气流、低涡切变和深厚湿层提供了有利的大尺度形势背景;低涡东北部产生的暴雨与低层东风急流的扰动和曲率增大密切相关,地面辐合抬升触发了上升运动;700 h Pa切变线和地面中小尺度辐合线的叠加处、925 h Pa水汽通量散度负值中心区都与暴雨区有较好的对应关系;多普勒雷达平均径向速度图像上显示强烈的辐合区,正、负速度区面积比达到1∶3,回波不断在辐合线处生成,下游地区出现"列车效应",强降水时段雷达回波强度为30~40d Bz,小时雨量达到16~20 mm。对比模式预报场,中低层偏东急流量级和气旋性弯曲偏小导致了暴雨区漏报,地面辐合线位置和强度的偏差造成了雨量中心位置的偏差,可通过与实况对比、雷达分析等手段对预报进行订正。     

长波区间太阳辐射对气候模拟的影响

长波区间的太阳辐射在气候模式中往往被忽略。利用国家气候中心BCC_AGCM2.0.1大气环流模式,采用矩阵算子辐射传输算法,研究了长波区间太阳辐射对气候模式辐射通量和温度模拟结果的影响。结果表明,以ISCCP和CERES辐射资料为标准,考虑长波区间太阳辐射后,长波区间晴空大气地表向下辐射通量平均误差减小2.05 W/m2,均方根误差减少1.29 W/m2;长波区间晴空大气模式顶向上辐射通量平均误差减小0.70 W/m2,均方根误差减小0.21 W/m2;长波区间有云大气地表向下辐射通量平均误差减小1.38 W/m2,均方根误差减小1.03 W/m2;长波区间有云大气模式顶向上辐射通量平均误差减小0.99 W/m2,均方根误差减小0.30 W/m2。以ECMWF再分析资料为标准,考虑长波区间太阳辐射后,赤道地区上对流层—下平流层区域温度的冷偏差得到改善,对流层顶温度平均误差减小0.27 K,均方根误差减小0.25 K。     

2011年2月喀什冬季一次暴雪天气过程分析

应用常规观测资料,NCEP1??1?资料,静止卫星FY—2C红外云图和多普勒雷达资料,分析了2011年2月25—28日喀什地区暴雪天气的成因。结果表明: 此次暴雪是在冬季显著变暖的背景,中亚低槽、萨彦岭低涡共同影响下造成的喀什地区范围广、强度大的大降雪过程。中亚低槽先加深、后减弱北收持续影响是喀什长时间降雪的主要原因。海平面气压场上中亚、塔里木盆地存在强的气压梯度,利于暴雪出现。暴雪过程中有明显的低层辐合、高层辐散及低空偏东急流;高空西南气流、底层持久的偏东急流为大降水提供了充足的水汽。多普勒雷达的反射率因子回波图上表现为强的东西入流辐合区,平均径向速度图上也有明显的呈“S” 形零速度线,表明雷达上空风随高度顺转有暖平流存在。     

二流—四流球谐函数谱展开累加辐射传输方案在全球气候模式中的应用

本文首先构建了二流—四流球谐函数谱展开累加辐射传输的新方案,然后将其应用于国家气候中心第二代大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.0.1的新版本中,并与模式中原有的Eddington累加方案进行了比较。由于新方案本质上是单层Eddington近似方案在四流上的推广。因此新方案在计算精度上要优于原方案。通过在全球气候模式中的应用与比较,本文发现新方案对气候模拟会产生比较大的影响。在晴空条件下,新方案计算的在南纬30°到60°区间、北大西洋东北部以及非洲北部的撒哈拉沙漠区域的地表向下年平均短波辐射通量要小于原方案结果,最大差别可以达到3.5 W/m2;同时,新方案计算的在南纬30°到60°区间和北大西洋东北部的大气顶向上年平均短波辐射通量要大于原方案结果,最大差别达到3 W/m2。在有云大气情况下,新方案计算的地表向下年平均短波辐射通量要小于原方案结果,并随着纬度的增加,新旧两种方案的差别逐渐变大,在南北极时达到最大5.5 W/m2;同时,新方案计算的在赤道区域的大气顶的年平均短波向上辐射通量要小于原方案结果,最大差别为2.5 W/m2,而在南北纬30°到60°区间,新方案计算的在大气顶的年平均短波向上辐射通量则要大于原方案结果,最大差别为1.5 W/m2。新方案计算的年平均短波加热率普遍高于原方案结果,特别是在800 hPa到地表之间的低层大气以及50 hPa到100 hPa的高层大气,最大差别可达0.03 K/d。因此,新方案有助于改善全球气候模式中普遍存在的赤道平流层中下层的温度冷偏差现象。     

Modeling and Analysis of Airlift System Operating in Three-Phase Flow

Based on the momentum theorem, the fluid governing equation in a lifting pipe is proposed by use of the method combining theoretical analysis with empirical correlations related to the previous research, and the performance of an airlift pump can be clearly characterized by the triangular relationship among the volumetric flux of air, water and solid particles, which are obtained respectively by using numerical calculation. The meso-scale river sand is used as tested particles to examine the theoretical model. Results of the model are compared with the data in three-phase flow obtained prior to the development of the present model, by an independent experimental team that used the physical conditions of the present approach. The analytical error can be controlled within 12% for predicting the volumetric flux of water and is smaller than that (±16%) of transporting solid particles in three-phase flow. The experimental results and computations are in good agreement for air?water two-phase flow within a margin of ±8%. Reasonable agreement justifies the use of the present model for engineering design purposes.     

Analysis of atmospheric turbulence in the upper layers of sea fog

Atmospheric turbulence plays a vital role in the formation and dissipation of fog. However,studies of such turbulence are typically limited to observations with ultrasonic anemometers less than 100 m above ground. Thus,the turbulence characteristics of upper fog layers are poorly known. In this paper,we present 4-layers of data,measured by ultrasonic anemometers on a wind tower about 400 m above the sea surface; we use these data to characterize atmospheric turbulence atop a heavy sea fog. Large differences in turbulence during the sea fog episode were recorded. Results showed that the kinetic energy,momentum flux,and sensible heat flux of turbulence increased rapidly during the onset of fog. After onset,high turbulence was observed within the uppermost fog layer. As long as this turbulence did not exceed a critical threshold,it was crucial to enhancing the cooling rate,and maintaining the fog. Vertical momentum flux and sensible heat flux generated by this turbulence weakened wind speed and decreased air temperature during the fog. Towards the end of the fog episode,the vertical distribution of sensible heat flux reversed,contributing to a downward momentum flux in all upper layers. Spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence eddy were greater before and after the fog,than during the fog episode. Turbulence energy was greatest in upper levels,around 430 m and 450 m above mean sea level(AMSL),than in lower levels of the fog(390 m and 410 m AMSL); turbulence energy peaked along the mean wind direction. Our results show that the status of turbulence was complicated within the fog; turbulence caused fluxes of momentum and sensible heat atop the fog layer,affecting the underlying fog by decreasing or increasing average wind speed,as well as promoting or demoting air temperature stratification.