Geomorphological monitoring of a highly dynamic estuary using oblique aerial photographs

Abstract

Bad weather in many countries limits the use of optical satellite imageries in spatial and temporal monitoring of the environment. In this paper, a series of low-altitude oblique aerial photos taken on daily, weekly and monthly intervals were used to monitor the geomorphological changes in the upper part of the Mersey Estuary, northwestern England. This low-altitude aerial photo methodology reveals itself to be a satisfying compromise between cost, accuracy and difficulty of implementation. It offered a large amount of information on a spatial and temporal scale aiding in the understanding of channel mobility. This was an important consideration in the sitting and installation of new bridge pier foundations. This series of oblique aerial photos was used in a dynamic model to determine the migration of the ebb channel and was effective in identifying the main route of flow. Few uncertainties were encountered and the level of accuracy achieved in resolving these uncertainties in the images was in the range from 40 cm to a maximum of 1.7 m. This was compared with historical navigation charts and showed good correlation. Further applications are required to improve the quality of the data output from these images and the development of the technique.     

倾斜摄影实景三维建模技术及其应用现状分析

倾斜摄影实景三维建模技术将传统测量从二维平面提升至三维立体层次,同时也将部分外业测绘工作转化到内业数据处理,极大程度地提高了生产效率.作为一种新兴测绘技术,倾斜摄影实景三维建模技术具有其自身的两面性,本文从倾斜摄影实景三维建模技术原理出发,结合其优点及不足之处,详细阐述分析了该技术在各个领域的应用现状及优化措施.     

3-D Shoreline Extraction from IKONOS Satellite Imagery

Shorelines are recognized as unique features on Earth. They have valuable properties for a diverse user community. At present, photogrammetry is the most popular technique used to capture a shoreline. With improved resolution and accuracy, commercial high-resolution satellite imagery is demonstrating a great potential in the photogrammetry application domain. One example is the utilization of IKONOS satellite imagery in shoreline extraction. IKONOS panchromatic imagery has a resolution of approximately one meter as well as the capabilities of stereo imaging. This article presents the results of an experiment in which we attempted to improve IKONOS Rational Functions (RF) for a better ground accuracy and to employ the improved RF for 3-D shoreline extraction using 1-meter panchromatic stereo images in a Lake Erie coastal area. Two approaches were investigated. One was to rectify the ground coordinates derived from vendor-provided RF coefficients using ground control points (GCPs). The other was to refine the RF coefficients using the GCPs. We compare the results from these two approaches. An assessment of the shoreline extracted from IKONOS images compared with the existing shoreline is also conducted to demonstrate the potential of the IKONOS imagery for shoreline mapping.     

Optimizing Remote Sensing and GIS Tools for Mapping and Managing the Distribution of an Invasive Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) on South Molokai,Hawaii

In 1902, the Florida red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., was introduced to the island of Molokai, Hawaii, and has since colonized nearly 25% of the south coast shoreline. By classifying three kinds of remote sensing imagery, we compared abilities to detect invasive mangrove distributions and to discriminate mangroves from surrounding terrestrial vegetation. Using three analytical techniques, we compared mangrove mapping accuracy for various sensor-technique combinations. ANOVA of accuracy assessments demonstrated significant differences among techniques, but no significant differences among the three sensors. We summarize advantages and disadvantages of each sensor and technique for mapping mangrove distributions in tropical coastal environments.     

弹丸侵彻高强度混凝土的高速摄影试验研究

采用高速摄影仪,拍摄轻气炮中弹丸对侵彻面不同侵角的高强度混凝土靶体的侵彻过程,分析靶体侵角、弹丸着靶速度对弹丸侵彻靶体的运动特征。研究结果表明,弹丸以200 m/s左右的低速侵彻靶体时,弹丸在侵彻角度为0°的靶体中作水平运动,靶体侵角大于0°时,弹丸均在着靶后150～200 μs发生偏转;弹丸在靶体中的水平侵彻速度、偏转角度与其侵彻时间有很好的相关性,靶体侵角一定时,弹丸着靶速度越小,弹丸水平侵彻时所需时间越短,靶体飞溅物的速度越小;靶体侵彻面角度对靶体飞溅物速度和弹丸水平侵彻时间的影响作用相对比弹丸着靶速度的大,说明靶体侵角的大小是安全防护工事中不可忽视的重要问题。     

无人机航测技术在农村土地承包经营权确权调查底图制作中的应用

通过无人机航摄技术在农村土地承包经营权确权登记工作调查底图制作的实例应用,论述了无人机航空摄影、像控点测量、空中三角测量、数字正射影像图和地块分布图的制作等几方面的技术流程和方法,以增城区北部派潭镇的农村承包土地为试点,探索无人机影像底图的获取、处理、调查及对地块分布图的制作方法,为相关部门开展确权登记颁证工作提供技术支持。     

无人智能技术在水库地形测量与库容计算中的应用

随着无人机和无人船技术的发展,将其运用于水库地形测量已成为当今水利工程的发展趋势。本文采用无人机和无人船,以及不规则三角网的库容计算方法,对梅州水库的库容进行了复核,并阐述了相应的数据获取方法和数据处理过程,以及库容的计算方法和原理。无人机和无人船等新技术的使用,提高了水库地形的获取精度及库容的计算精度,不仅降低了成本,提高了效率,而且推动了水利科技的进步,具有实践意义。     

稀少控制条件下无人机空三加密及在公路地形测图中的精度分析

针对无人机航空摄影测量地面控制点多的问题,介绍了一种无人机影像空中三角测量方法,基于动态精密单点定位,使用单台GNSS接收机获得高精度摄站点三维坐标,地面无需架设GNSS基站。通过平地、山地公路项目试验,分析了稀少控制条件下的控制点布设方法及空三加密精度,少量地面控制点即可满足1：2000比例尺地形图的精度要求,极大减少了内、外业工作量,简化了无人机航空摄影作业方式。     

Accuracy assessment of the Mexican National Forest Inventory map: A study in four ecogeographical areas

The accuracy of the Mexican National Forest Inventory (NFI) map is derived in four distinct ecogeographical areas, using an assessment design tailored for the project. A main achievement of the design was to integrate the high diversity of classes encompassed at the most detailed subcommunity level of the classification scheme within a cost‐controlled statistically sound assessment. A hybrid double sampling strategy was applied to the 2.5 million‐ha study area. A total of 5955 reference sites were verified against their NFI map label. The availability of detailed quasi‐synchronous reference data for the 2000 Landsat‐derived NFI and the high diversity of mapped classes allowed a careful thematic analysis on the selected regions, relevant for national extrapolation. Global accuracy estimates of 64–78 per cent were registered among the four ecogeographical areas (two with mainly temperate climate and the other two with mainly tropical climate), with the lower accuracy levels found in areas more densely covered with forests. According to the estimates, the NFI map tends to underestimate the presence of temperate forest (especially oak) and overestimate the presence of tropical forest in the areas investigated. The analysis of confusions reveals difficulties in unambiguously interpreting or labelling forests with secondary vegetation, herbaceous and/or shrub‐like vegetation as well as distinguishing between aquatic vegetation types. The design proved useful from the perspective of accuracy assessments of regional maps in biodiverse regions.     

精确时空立体景观虚拟现实的构建与应用方法研究

本文提出一种适应人眼双目立体视觉的、可以精确进行三维量测的虚拟现实系统概念 ,阐述了这种系统的社会需求、理论依据和构建技术 ,特别详细讨论了人造立体视觉所应遵循的几何物理条件 ,三维模型数据获取方法、立体模型显示与立体观测方法、以及虚景与实景叠加等技术问题 ,并给出相应的解决方案 ,列出了应用成功的范例