耗氧速率(OUR)测量方法的实验研究

目前多采用分批实验法和呼吸测量仪测量耗氧速率,而耗氧速率的测量对于研究活性污泥数学模型中的动力学参数及废水特性鉴定具有重要意义。本文根据OUR测量方法的基本原理设计了1种简易的OUR测量装置,为检验测量装置的有效性,设计了相关实验进行验证。在内源呼吸实验中,测定了所用活性污泥的内源呼吸速率是5.1mgO2/L·h,污泥的衰减系数是0.0137h-1,比文献值略高。基质降解实验对人工配水(葡萄糖和淀粉)的耗氧速率进行了测定,实验结果显示有3个显著不同的耗氧速率,分别为35mg/L·h,13mg/L·h,6mg/L·h,它们各代表葡萄糖降解、淀粉降解和内源呼吸的速率。内源呼吸速率高于前1个实验是由于基质降解过程中污泥量增加所致。并计算出异养菌产率系数Kd为0.63mgVSS/mgCOD,Kd略低于文献值。实验结果证明,该装置能很好的实现测量目的。     

极地产适冷脂肪酶菌株的酶学性质研究

从南北极环境样品中分离到7株产脂肪酶的细菌,经16SrDNA序列分析表明,这些细菌分别属于假交替单胞菌属（Pseudoalteromonas）和嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）．采用p-NPP法对这7株细菌所产的脂肪酶进行酶学性质研究,结果显示这些酶的最适作用温度在30～40cC、最适作用pH值在7—8之间,在低温下能保持较高的剩余活力,对热敏感,属于适冷脂肪酶．其中假交替单胞菌（Psychrobacter sp．7342）所产脂肪酶具有低温下酶的剩余活力高、有效作用温度和pH范围广、热稳定性较好及对多种金属离子抗性强等特点．该菌株能利用多种单一氮源和碳源产酶,最适产酶温度为25℃．在此基础上进行正交实验分析得到了该菌株的最佳发酵条件为：蛋白胨和淀粉含量各为1．33％,酵母膏含量为0．3％,温度为25℃．     

The influence of 70 and 120 kHz tonal signals on the behavior of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen

Two harbor porpoises in a floating pen were subjected to five pure tone underwater signals of 70 or 120kHz with different signal durations, amplitudes and duty cycles (% of time sound is produced). Some signals were continuous, others were intermittent (duty cycles varied between 8% and 100%). The effect of each signal was judged by comparing the animals' surfacing locations and number of surfacings (i.e. number of respirations) during test periods with those during baseline periods. In all cases, both porpoises moved away from the sound source, but the effect of the signals on respiration rates was negligible. Pulsed 70kHz signals with a source level (SL) of 137dB had a similar effect as a continuous 70kHz signal with an SL of 148dB (re 1muPa, rms). Also, a pulsed 70kHz signal with an SL of 147dB had a much stronger deterring effect than a continuous 70kHz signal with a similar SL. For pulsed 70kHz signals (2s pulse duration, 4s pulse interval, SL 147dB re 1muPa, rms), the avoidance threshold sound pressure level (SPL), in the context of the present study, was estimated to be around 130dB (re 1muPa, rms) for porpoise 064 and around 124dB (re 1muPa, rms) for porpoise 047. This study shows that ultrasonic pingers (70kHz) can deter harbor porpoises. Such ultrasonic pingers have the advantage that they do not have a "dinner bell" effect on pinnipeds, and probably have no, or less, effect on other marine fauna, which are often sensitive to low frequency sounds.     

红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubrips)病原杀对虾弧菌的主要生物学特性研究

采用表观分类学及分子生物学方法,对从发病的养殖红鳍东方()中分离的细菌进行了主要生物学特性研究.主要包括形态特征、理化特性等较系统的表观分类学指征鉴定;同时对代表菌株进行了16S rRNA基因的分子鉴定,测定了16S rRNA基因序列、分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性、构建了系统发生树;结果表明,分离菌为弧茵属(Vibrio Pacini 1954)的杀对虾弧菌(Vibrio penaeicidasp.nov.Ishimaru et al 1995).代表菌株(Hc051105-6株)16s rRNA基因序列长度(不包括引物结合区)为1443bp(GenBank登录号:EU073023),代表菌株(HC051105-8株)16S rRNA基因序列长度(不包括 引物结合区)为1450bp(GenBank登录号:Eu073024).择代表菌株做对健康红鳍东方鲀的人工感染试验,认为分离鉴定的杀对虾弧菌在被检红鳍东方鱼电病例具有一定的病原学意义.药敏试验结果显示,对供试37种抗菌药物中,在一些药物中存在耐药性的菌株间差异.     

The asymmetric elastic wavefields in a model comprising a liquid layer overlying an anisotropic solid seabed due to an arbitrary source within the solid

The asymmetric three-dimensional radiation pattern and resultant elastodynamic response of stress waves in a model comprising a compressible water column overlying a transversely isotropic seabed in which a time-harmonic source acts is theoretically investigated. The use of potential functions, the Hankel transform, and a Fourier series expansion are adopted to deal with the equations of motion for both media. Closed-form integral expressions are developed for the potentials and the stress/displacement components. The expressions and introduced procedure are sufficiently flexible to incorporate various types of source loads. To evaluate the field quantities, the residue method and a robust integration scheme are utilized to handle the poles and branch points within the integrand. Any possible number of dispersive propagation modes are taken into account in the integral evaluation. The deduced velocity dispersion curves depict the characteristics of the various modes. They also indicate the existing singular points (poles) for a specific dimensionless frequency and the surface wave type associated with each pole. Numerical results are presented for the hydrodynamic pressure and displacement in the liquid layer and stress and displacement components in the solid seabed due to distributed and concentrated source excitations. The formulation and the numerical scheme are valid for calculating the wavefield anywhere within the model including both far- and near-field effects. The sensitivity of the results to different parameters is also analyzed. Both analytical and numerical comparisons with existing solutions for simpler cases are made to confirm the validity of the results. The results are especially useful in seismic hazard assessment of submarine earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. They can also be extended to deal with the fluid-solid-structure interaction problems.     

Controls on reservoir heterogeneity of tight sand oil reservoirs in Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong Area,southwest Ordos Basin,China: Implications for reservoir quality prediction and oil accumulation

Compared to conventional reservoirs, pore structure and diagenetic alterations of unconventional tight sand oil reservoirs are highly heterogeneous. The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is a major tight-oil-bearing formation in the Ordos Basin, providing an opportunity to study the factors that control reservoir heterogeneity and the heterogeneity of oil accumulation in tight oil sandstones.The Chang 8 tight oil sandstone in the study area is comprised of fine-to medium-grained, moderately to well-sorted lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. The reservoir quality is extremely heterogeneous due to large heterogeneities in the depositional facies, pore structures and diagenetic alterations. Small throat size is believed to be responsible for the ultra-low permeability in tight oil reservoirs. Most reservoirs with good reservoir quality, larger pore-throat size, lower pore-throat radius ratio and well pore connectivity were deposited in high-energy environments, such as distributary channels and mouth bars. For a given depositional facies, reservoir quality varies with the bedding structures. Massive- or parallel-bedded sandstones are more favorable for the development of porosity and permeability sweet zones for oil charging and accumulation than cross-bedded sandstones.Authigenic chlorite rim cementation and dissolution of unstable detrital grains are two major diagenetic processes that preserve porosity and permeability sweet zones in oil-bearing intervals. Nevertheless, chlorite rims cannot effectively preserve porosity-permeability when the chlorite content is greater than a threshold value of 7%, and compaction played a minor role in porosity destruction in the situation. Intensive cementation of pore-lining chlorites significantly reduces reservoir permeability by obstructing the pore-throats and reducing their connectivity. Stratigraphically, sandstones within 1 m from adjacent sandstone-mudstone contacts are usually tightly cemented (carbonate cement > 10%) with low porosity and permeability (lower than 10% and 0.1 mD, respectively). The carbonate cement most likely originates from external sources, probably derived from the surrounding mudstone. Most late carbonate cements filled the previously dissolved intra-feldspar pores and the residual intergranular pores, and finally formed the tight reservoirs.The petrophysical properties significantly control the fluid flow capability and the oil charging/accumulation capability of the Chang 8 tight sandstones. Oil layers usually have oil saturation greater than 40%. A pore-throat radius of less than 0.4 μm is not effective for producible oil to flow, and the cut off of porosity and permeability for the net pay are 7% and 0.1 mD, respectively.     

GC-MS联合二维核磁对文蛤多糖Fr.2A组分结构的解析

采用GC-MS联合二维核磁的方法,对文蛤均多糖结构进行解析。运用双酶辅助水提的方法,提取文蛤粗多糖(MMPX),分离纯化得到文蛤均多糖,并通过气质联用技术(GC-MS)和核磁共振波谱(1D,2D NMR),对文蛤均多糖的结构进行了分析。结果表明,从文蛤中提取得到文蛤粗多糖(MMPX),经分离纯化得到高纯度文蛤均多糖Fr.2A,其单糖组成为葡萄糖(Glc)。GC-MS分析发现,Fr.2A存在三种残基单元1,4-Glcp、T-Glcp和1,4,6-Glcp,摩尔比为5.58︰1.26︰1.0;核磁共振波谱分析表明,Fr.2A是以α-(1→4)与少量α-(1→6)连接为主链,并存在少量的α-(1→6)和β-(1→4)支链的新型水溶性D型吡喃葡聚糖。     

菲律宾蛤仔碱性磷酸酶的分离纯化及部分性质研究

经Tris-HCl缓冲液浸提、硫酸铵分级沉淀盐析、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析和Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤层析等步骤,从菲律宾蛤仔内脏团中分离得到碱性磷酸酶,SDS-PAGE显示为单一条带,提纯倍数为14.42,比活力达到131.08U/mg。酶学性质研究表明:该酶亚基分子量约44kD,最适反应温度为45℃,最适pH值为9.0,米氏常数Km为0.098mmol/L,最大反应速度Vmax为1.01μmol/(mL·min)。Ca2+、Mg2+对酶活力表现出显著的激活作用。     

Site characterization model using least‐square support vector machine and relevance vector machine based on corrected SPT data (Nc)

Statistical learning algorithms provide a viable framework for geotechnical engineering modeling. This paper describes two statistical learning algorithms applied for site characterization modeling based on standard penetration test (SPT) data. More than 2700 field SPT values (N) have been collected from 766 boreholes spread over an area of 220 sqkm area in Bangalore. To get N corrected value (N_c), N values have been corrected (N_c) for different parameters such as overburden stress, size of borehole, type of sampler, length of connecting rod, etc. In three‐dimensional site characterization model, the function N_c=N_c (X, Y, Z), where X, Y and Z are the coordinates of a point corresponding to N_c value, is to be approximated in which N_c value at any half‐space point in Bangalore can be determined. The first algorithm uses least‐square support vector machine (LSSVM), which is related to a ridge regression type of support vector machine. The second algorithm uses relevance vector machine (RVM), which combines the strengths of kernel‐based methods and Bayesian theory to establish the relationships between a set of input vectors and a desired output. The paper also presents the comparative study between the developed LSSVM and RVM model for site characterization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Defining dynamic pelagic habitats in oceanic waters off eastern Australia

Although many species in the pelagic ocean are widespread, they are not randomly distributed. These species may have associations with particular water masses or habitats, but to best understand patterns in the ocean, these habitats must be identified. Previous efforts have produced static or seasonal climatologies, which still represent smearing over habitats. The Eastern Tuna and Billfish Longline Fishery (ETBF) targets a range of high trophic level species in oceanic waters off eastern Australia. In this study, dynamic ocean habitats in the region were identified for each month based on cluster analysis of five oceanographic variables averaged at a monthly time scale and a spatial scale of 0.5° for the period 1995-2006. A total of seven persistent habitats were identified off eastern Australia with intra and interannual variation in size and location, indicating the importance of spatial and temporal variation in the dynamics of the region. The degree to which these dynamic habitats were distinguished was tested using (i) stable isotope analysis of top fish predators caught in the region and (ii) estimates of variation in estimated abundance generated from catch data from the fishery. More precise estimates (measured as lower total CV) of isotopic values from swordfish (Xiphias gladius), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and albacore (Thunnus alalunga) were obtained for 4 of 6 isotope comparisons using the dynamic habitat groupings, which indicate that stratifying by pelagic habitat improved precision. Dynamic habitats produced more precise abundance estimates for 7 of 8 large pelagic species examined, with an average reduction in total CV of 19% compared to when abundance was estimated based on static habitat stratification. These findings could be used to guide development of effective monitoring strategies that can distinguish patterns due to environmental variation, and in the longer term, climate change.