许氏平鲉早期异速生长模式的研究

对许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)0~90日龄仔、稚、幼鱼的全长、体重进行生物学测定,对其体重、头长、头高、吻长、眼径、体高、肛前长、鳍棘长和鳍条长与全长进行回归分析,确定各指标的异速生长方式、生长拐点出现的时间和早期生长发育特征,结合仔、稚鱼的生态习性,探讨早期生长发育模式和生态学意义。统计学分析结果表明,全长和体重随着日龄的增加其生长规律均符合三次函数关系,全长的生长可分为3个阶段(0~16日龄、17~46日龄、47~90日龄)、体重的生长可分为2个阶段(0~46日龄、47~90日龄),各阶段生长速率有显著差异(P0.05);许氏平鲉早期生长发育过程中,其各量度指标异速生长的拐点均出现在仔鱼向稚鱼(14~24日龄)、稚鱼向幼鱼(46~60日龄)变态的节点之前或附近。研究发现,仔、稚鱼各器官表观形态的改变与变态节点同步。     

许氏平鲉三种促性腺激素释放激素基因的启动子克隆及生物信息学分析

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)是1种在下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad,HPG)的活动中发挥关键作用的神经激素。研究采用染色体步移方法,从许氏平鲉的肌肉组织中克隆得到GnRH1、GnRH2和GnRH3共3个基因的启动子序列,长度分别为4,3.5和2.5kb。利用在线生物信息学软件对这3个GnRH基因的启动子进行预测分析,结果表明,3个基因均存在Sp1,Oct-1,C/EBP,CREB,Pit-1,NF-1,Brn,GATA-1,USF和MyoD等转录因子的结合位点,以及糖皮质激素受体(GR),雄激素受体(AR),雌激素受体(ER),黄体酮受体(PR),视黄酸受体(RAR)和视黄醇受体(RXR)等核受体的结合位点,推测其对GnRH的调控起到关键作用。但是甲状腺激素受体(TR)和嗅觉相关的Olf-1的结合位点只在GnRH1和GnRH2基因启动子中发现,而在GnRH3中没有预测出。本研究结果表明许氏平鮋不同类型的GnRH是受不同的机制调控的,从而在生理过程中发挥着不同的作用。     

池养黑鲷性逆转组织学观察

黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)为具性逆转的珍贵海产鱼类,其个体在第3龄期雄性转为雌性,但性逆转发生的详细过程尚不清楚。为了解黑鲷性腺逆转发生的过程,作者通过对池塘养殖黑鲷3~4龄期个体进行定期跟踪取样观察,结合组织切片显微检测性腺变化过程。结果显示:黑鲷性腺在繁殖前后变化趋势不同;繁殖期雌性个体约占15%;繁殖后至7月份是性腺由雄逆转为雌主要时期;8月份全部个体性腺外观表现为卵巢形式;到9月底,个别性腺的精巢组织又开始发育;到12月底样本性腺有雄性、雌性及雌雄同体同时发育3种形式。此外,分析了黑鲷性腺成熟系数与肝质量系数的周年变化趋势。研究获得了详细的3~4龄黑鲷性逆转发生过程及性逆转结果,并针对与先前报道的有关研究结果差异展开分析,为掌握不同海区黑鲷性逆转特性及育种研究提供了更多资料,也为雌雄同体鱼类资源利用研究提供新的参考依据。     

许氏帆蚌耗氧率和排氨率研究

采用生态生理学方法研究了水温和体质量对许氏帆蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)耗氧率和排氨率的影响,为育珠蚌养殖生理生态学提供基础资料。用生化培养箱控制水温,winkler碘量法、纳氏试剂比色法测定耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明,在实验温度(9~30℃)条件下,许氏帆蚌的耗氧率为2.504~6.76mg/(kg.h),排氨率为1.963~5.689mg/(kg.h),其中耗氧率和排氨率在27℃达到最高值,30℃均开始下降。在适宜的温度范围内,许氏帆蚌的耗氧率和排氨率均与温度成正比,而与体质量呈负相关。     

中国近海5个黑鲷地理群体的遗传变异

为有效保护和利用黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)资源,本研究测定了中国近海5个群体(北方海域的营口与崂山群体,南方海域的闽清、大亚湾、东兴群体)各10尾黑鲷线粒体控制区5′端722bp序列以分析其遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果发现42个单倍型,56个多态位点;群体单倍型多样性为0.978～1.000,群体核苷酸多样性为0.0067～0.0116。中性检测和核苷酸不对称分布分析表明,中国近海黑鲷在晚更新世(165～41kaBP)曾经历过种群的快速扩张。北方群体与南方群体之间的Fst值为0.1145(P=0.00),表明存在中等程度的分化,建议将中国近海黑鲷作为两个管理单位。     

Parentage determination of black sea bream(Acanthopagrus schlegelii) for stock enhancement:effectiveness and loss of genetic variation

The stock enhancement programs for black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii have been conducted in China for a fewyears.However,little information has been reported concerning the effectiveness and genetic effect of black sea bream stock enhancement.In order to detect the contribution of released individuals in Zhujiang River Estuary(ZRE) and Daya Bay(DB),six microsatellite markers were used to identify the hatchery-released individuals.In addition,this pedigree of hatchery populations(broodfish and hatchery-released offspring) was traced to detect the number of effective parents(N_e),the inbreeding coefficient and the decrease of genetic variability in the reproduction.The pedigree reconstruction showed that at least 69(out of 93) broodfish had offspring.The estimated N_e was 54.8,consequently the inbreeding coefficient was 0.91%.The genetic diversity of hatchery-released offspring was lower than that in that of broodfish(heterozygosity alleles,0.727-0.774),some alleles(number of alleles,61-69) and genetic variance were lost during reproduction.It was observed that wild samples had higher levels of genetic diversity compared with hatchery populations as well as recaptured samples in releasing area.A total of 128 hatchery-released black sea bream were identified among 487 recaptured samples in ZRE,while a total of 15 samples were identified among 96 samples in DB.In summary,there was a high survival of released fish.Nevertheless,the results provided evidence to consider a loss of genetic variation in hatcheryreleased stock and a negative genetic effect of the stock enhancement.     

水温和余氯对黑棘鲷仔鱼存活的影响

采用静水试验法, 模拟研究了电厂温排水排放导致的海水升温和余氯残留对黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)存活的影响。试验水温设4 个梯度: 18、22、26、30℃, 余氯设6 个浓度水平:0.025、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/L, 同时以过滤海水为对照组, 每一个水温条件下的余氯浓度均设3 个平行样本, 取黑棘鲷初孵仔鱼进行试验, 试验共进行96 h 观测。试验结果表明, 当水温升高至30℃时, 对仔鱼的存活会产生显著性影响, 24 h 的死亡率为23.4%, 48 h 的死亡率骤升至98%, 而18、22、26℃ 3 组96 h 时死亡率均未超过10%。24 h 时4 种水温条件下余氯对黑棘鲷仔鱼的LC50 值分别为0.816、0.460、0.433、0.319 mg/L, 可见水温升高会增强余氯对仔鱼的致死效应, 而随着时间延长, 余氯对仔鱼的LC50 值进一步降低, 至96 h, 其值分别为0.242、0.211、0.140、<0.025 mg/L。广义相加模型分析结果显示, 水温由26℃升至30℃时, 或当余氯浓度高于0.2 mg/L 时, 或曝露时间超过48 h, 均会对黑棘鲷初孵仔鱼产生明显致死效应, 双因素方差分析结果显示, 水温、余氯、曝露时间对仔鱼死亡率具有显著性影响(P< 0.05), 且水温-余氯、水温-曝露时间之间具有显著性交互作用(P< 0.05)。     

黑棘鲷胚胎发育过程及特殊结构观察

驯化野生黑棘鲷（Acanthopagrus schlegelii）作为亲鱼,自然受精,通过溢水法收集发育同步的受精卵。受精卵孵化条件为水温（21．0±0．5）℃,盐度32～33,pH7．8～8．2,微充气。在奥林巴斯SZ61解剖镜下对黑棘鲷的胚胎发育进行观察,并使用CCD图像传感器拍照,描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态...     

Assessment of nitrogen maintenance requirement in juvenile Black Porgy <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acanthopagrus schlegeli</Emphasis>

Nitrogen balance method and nitrogen-free diet were used in this study to determine nitrogen maintenance requirement (NM) and nitrogen maintenance requirement per unit metabolism body weight (NM′) of black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Fish with body weight (BW) of 50, 80, 120, 160 and 200 g were fed by the diets containing three graded levels of crude protein (380, 420 and 460 g/kg). The results from nitrogen balance experiment showed that the amount of nitrogen deposition varied from 0.15 to 0.31 mg/g BW per day, accounting for 12.2% to 21.1% of nitrogen intake. The amount of fecal nitrogen excretion varied from 0.21 to 0.32 mg/g BW per day, accounting for 16.3% to 21.6% of nitrogen intake. The endogenous nitrogen excretion, a main part of nitrogen consumption varied from 0.79 to 0.97 mg/g BW per day, accounting for 63.3 % to 68.0% of nitrogen intake. Positive correlation was found between NM and body weight, while a negative correlation was found between NM of unit body weight and the growth duration. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found in NM′ among different growth stages. The average of NM′ was 0.485 7mg/g per day. The results from nitrogen-free diet experiment showed that a negative correlation between NM and feed intake of nitrogen-free diet. NM increased with the decrease of feed intake of fish. The average of NM was 0.482 9 mg/g BW per day that was close to 0.483 8 mg/g BW obtained from fish with 120 g BW in nitrogen balance experiment. The nitrogen balance method is recommended to be a better method for determining NM in consideration of fish stress and result stability. This study also provides a calculated result of the protein content in diets, which is necessary for maintaining fish body protein at different growth stages. The calculation was based on the amount of nitrogen required for maintaining body protein per kg BW. Supported by Scientific Research Project Grant (No.2004C100059) from the city government of Ningbo, China.