一次连续性大暴雨成因及雷达回波特征分析

对１９９８年６月中旬发生在福建省北部地区的连续性大暴雨过程环流特征、影响系统、特殊地形条件作用,中尺度回波系统活动及小尺度强核回波对降水强度的贡献进行了综合分析,力求从雷达回波演变特征找出规律,以提高其短时预报能力。     

虚拟合作实验室-利用Internet开展大气科学国际合作研究的可行之路

试图提出一个由中美双方大气科学家参与的虚拟合作实验室的解决方案,实验室包括虚拟资料／信息系统、虚拟模拟系统、虚拟应用分析系统、虚拟培训学校、虚拟图书馆、虚拟可视化实验室和虚拟出版系统等。     

1996年我国南方洪涝的海气环境场分析

选用 1 95 1～ 1 996年中国 1 6 0站逐月降水资料 ,太平洋逐月平均网格点海温资料( 1 0°S～ 5 0°N,1 2 0～ 80°E) ,逐月大尺度环流指数资料 ,分析并探讨造成 1 996年南方洪涝的环流特征、气候背景及海温影响机制。结果表明 :大气环流指数与前期太平洋海温场有明显的遥相关关系。冬、春季海温的冷暖变化程度 ,可预示后期 7月各环流系统的趋势变化 ,环流系统指数自身演变存在较明显的年代际变化规律 ,1 996年南方洪涝就是在这种气候背景下形成的。海温冷暖变化影响大气环流系统的这种演变关系 ,对南方洪涝的短期气候预测具有一定的指示意义。     

Total ozone decrease in the Arctic after REP events

Eight periods of relativistic electron precipitation (REP) with electron energies of more than 300 keV are identified from VLF data (10/14 kHz) monitored along the Aldra (Norway) / Apatity (Kola peninsula) radio trace. In these cases, anomalous ionization below 55/50 km occurred without disturbing the higher layers of the ionosphere. The daily total ozone values in Murmansk for six days before and six days after the REP events are compared. In seven of eight events a decrease in the total ozone of about 20 DU is observed. In one event of 25 March, 1986, the mean total ozone value for six days before the REP is bigger han that for six days after, but this a case of an extremely high ozone increase (144 DU during the six days). However, on days 3 and 4 there was a minimum of about 47 DU with regard to REP days, so this case also confirms the concept of the ozone decrease after REP. The difference between mean ozone values for periods six days before and six days after the REPs was found also for 23 points in Arctic on TOMS data. The difference was negative only in Murmansk longitudinal sector. Along the meridian of the trace it was negative at high latitudes in both hemispheres and was near zero at low latitudes.     

Stratosphere-troposphere exchange in an extratropical cyclone, calculated with a Lagrangian method

A Lagrangian technique is developed and applied to calculate stratosphere-troposphere exchange in an extratropical cyclone. This exchange is computed from the potential vorticity or PV along trajectories, calculated from ECMWF circulation data. Special emphasis is put on the statistical significance of the results. The computed field of the cross-tropopause flux is dominated by elongated patterns of statistically significant large downward and small upward fluxes. The downward fluxes mainly occur in the lower part of the considered tropopause folds. The upward fluxes are found near the entrance of the folds, in the tropopause ridges. The ratio between the area averaged downward and upward cross-tropopause fluxes increases with increasing strength of the cyclone. Since the largest fluxes are shown to occur in the regions with the largest wind shear, where PV-mixing is thought to cause large cross-tropopause fluxes, the results are expected to be reliable, at least in a qualitative sense. The position of a tropopause fold along the northwest coast of Africa is confirmed by total ozone observations. The results indicate that the applied Lagrangian technique is an appropriate tool for diagnosing stratosphere-troposphere exchange.     

EXPERIMENTS OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE PREDICTION BY THE OSU/NCC GCM FOR SUMMER SEASON IN CHINA*

By using of an ensemble method,the tests of rainfall for the predictions of the seasonal,interseasonal and annual scales in China during 1982-1995 have been made by the atmospheric GCM/mixed layer ocean and ice model(OSU/NCC).Contrasts between forecasts by the OSU/NCC and the observations show that the model has a certain ability in the prediction of precipitation for summer over China in all of the three different time scales.And it indicates that the interseasonal prediction is the best among the forecasts of three scales.It is also indicated that the prediction is especially acceptable in certain areas.     

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS IN LIAONING*

16 aircraft missions were conducted for the measurement of atmospheric aerosols in separate days of late spring and early summer of 1996 and 1997.The paper deals with detailed analysis of the variation in vertical/horizontal distributions of the concentration of the particles and their size distribution at 0-5 km above ground,and with the relations to temperature and relative humidity documented in general.Evidence suggests that the concentrations show different distribution features in vertical above and below the cap of the mixed layer:the particle size distribution is subject to a range of forming mechanisms,displaying a multi-modal pattern:the horizontal concentration experiences remarkable variation:temperature and relative humidity stratifications have conspicuous influence on the concentration and size distribution of aerosols.     

大亚湾核电站厂址区域大气扩散研究

采用一个基于流体静力平衡的动力学诊断模式对大亚湾核电站厂址区域的气象场进行实际模拟,研究了复杂地形和下垫面对流场的动力和热力作用。数值实验表明：模式能很好地模拟中尺度局地环流的基本特征和变化规律。在模拟气象场的基础上,利用Monte Carlo多源模式计算了污染物的时空分布和干湿沉积量。模拟结果显示：模式很好地反映在海陆风和山谷风环流及排牙山影响下大气参数的非均匀性和非平稳性。     

Determination of the origin of the Helvadere drinking springs by means of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques, Aksaray, Central Anatolia, Turkey

The main aquifer of the Helvadere springs that emerges on the strike-slip of the Hasanda?? fault set alongside the Tuzgölü (salt lake) fault zone, and trends in a NW–SE direction of Aksaray city, in the western part of Central Anatolia, is the exposed rocks of Hasanda?? which are volcanics that have distinct hydrogeological properties. The meteoric origin of the spring waters is deduced from hydrochemical and environmental isotope (¹⁸O, ²H, ³H) studies. The springs have high discharge (Q>100?l/s) and low ion concentrations because of fast circulation along the groundwater flow path in the aquifer. Furthermore, because it has Ca-Na-Mg-HCO₃ hydrochemical facies, it conforms to high standards of drinking and irrigation water.     

沙尘气溶胶对直接太阳辐射的衰减研究

基于在腾格里沙漠东南端进行的太阳辐射与气象要素观测,探讨晴空无云时沙尘气溶胶对直接太阳辐射的衰减;并利用太阳辐射观测资料,给出沙漠边缘垂直上空的大气混浊度的变化。根据4月份至9月份的观测资料,只选取天空无云(可测的太阳辐射)的气象条件,研究沙尘气溶胶造成的直接太阳辐射的衰减。结果表明,在晴好天气约为47.0%~2.6%,平均衰减约为16.9%;在沙尘天气约为90%~10%,平均衰减约为38%;沙尘天气气溶胶对太阳辐射衰减变化较大。大气混浊度(atmospheric turbidity:τ_a)在晴好天气下约为0.048~0.631,平均约为0.260;沙尘天气约为0.177~2.475,平均约为0.741。