The effects of elevation on thermal bioclimatic conditions in Uludağ (Turkey)

This study compares the thermal bioclimatic conditions recorded at Bursa (100 m) and Uluda? (1878 m) meteorological stations at 7:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST (local standard time) between 1975 and 2006, by using the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), which is calculated from meteorological parameters. The effects of elevation-dependent environmental and atmospheric conditions on thermal perception (i.e., PET) values were analyzed and assessed. The analysis showed that the mean annual difference between PET values in Bursa and Uluda? was 12 ºC. The difference was lower in winter (9 ºC PET) and higher in summer (15 ºC PET). The highest difference between PET values occurred in the afternoon (16 ºC PET) and the lowest difference occurred in the morning (8.4 ºC PET). The differences occur as a result of high altitude and higher surface albedo due to snowfall, which leads to lower PET values and thus to less comfortable thermal conditions. The mean PET values of Bursa and Uluda? decrease 0.67 ºC every 100 m.     

应用纤维素示踪北京市PM2.5天然植被排放来源的研究

大气细粒子(PM_2.5)污染是全球尤其是我国许多城市的重要环境问题。利用示踪物质识别和估算大气颗粒物来源是公认的可靠技术,纤维素可以作为示踪物质表征一次颗粒物的天然植被排放来源。本文针对大气细粒子中纤维素含量低、全程序空白相对较高等难点,优化建立了纤维素酶水解、GOD-苯酚-四氨基安替比林测糖法,在我国首次应用于测定大气PM_2.5中纤维素的含量,估算天然植被排放源的贡献。方法检出限为0.26 μg/m³(纤维素),可以满足大气PM_2.5纤维素测定要求;而且有效地降低了空白,全程序空白值(36.5 μg葡萄糖)低于文献方法空白值(53.8 μg葡萄糖),使之更适合于PM_2.5的测定。使用本方法对2012年5月至6月采集的北京市大气PM_2.5样品进行分析,纤维素检出率为96%,纤维素的平均含量为(0.573±0.17) μg/m³,折合为天然植被排放量占PM_2.5质量浓度的1.37%±0.65%;天然植被排放源对有机碳的平均贡献率为4.4%,最大达到9.2%,反映出天然植被排放是北京市PM_2.5的重要来源之 一。本研究方法为我国城市大气颗粒物(包括总悬浮颗粒物、PM₁₀、PM_2.5等)来源识别提供了新的手段。     

Phanerozoic general circulation model results and quantitative climate data for Australia

Quantitative data bearing on Phanerozoic climates of Australia are summarised and comparisons are made with the predictions of atmospheric general circulation models over 12 time slices from the Silurian to the Miocene. Summaries of the model derived mean temperature and precipitation conditions are given individually for each of four regions (southeast, northeast, southwest and northwest). Model results provide the means of estimating climate conditions in many cases, but there is fair agreement between the two approaches in most cases in which data are available. On model results, the southeast experienced winter freezing conditions from the Permian through until the middle Cretaceous and was consistently the coolest of the four regions, in part because of its proximity to the pole, but also because it was the site of elevated terrain throughout most of the Phanerozoic. It also tended to be among the wettest parts of Australia over this time and was subject to frequent winter storms. The northeast, in contrast, was often the warmest part of the continent, although strong seasonality and freezing winter temperatures were common during the Mesozoic and Palaeozoic. Strong seasonality (>30°C contrast between winter and summer) also apparently characterised most of the record for the southwest region, except for the Tertiary, part of the Jurassic, and the Early Palaeozoic. Together with the southeast, this region experienced the most intense effects of winter, especially in the Triassic. Strong seasonality also affected the northwest region through much of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic and, interestingly, the highest summer temperatures on the continent are predicted for the southwest for most of the time slices studied. The models used today are imperfect but, nonetheless, offer a means of prediction and will perhaps stimulate the gathering of quantitative data in a continent where information is hard to come by and for which not much has yet been presented.     

Palaeozoic Victoria,Australia: Igneous rocks,ages and their interpretation

A reconnaissance traverse across Victoria yields 160 K‐Ar dates on igneous rocks from 94 localities. These are supplemented by Rb‐Sr dating in critical cases, and major‐element analyses (some new) on a proportion of the samples. All dates quoted in text and tables, new and previously‐published, have been revised in terms of the latest decay‐constant conventions.

The dates range from Early Ordovician (480 Ma) in the west to Late Devonian (360 Ma) among the high‐level intrusives of Central Victoria. The relatively complex age pattern, and the petrochemical character of the rocks, are compared with the published chronology of neighbouring States, and are interpreted in terms of a long‐duration regime of westwards compression, which began in the deformations of the Adelaide System of South Australia, and continued until the Mid‐Devonian Tabberabberan Movement.     

The tethyan oceanic gates : A tectonic approach to major sedimentary changes within Tethys

Abstract

— Accepting that the opening or closure of seaways has consequences on the oceanic circulation which in turn influences sedimentation, major changes in Tethyan geometry are checked against major changes in sedimentation. Time relationships can be demonstrated between the two group of phenomena and causal links are discussed. As the causes for major sedimentary changes are numerous and their respective roles controversial, it is speculated if the observed change in geometry could have had a positive effect on the associated change in sediments.

Ever since the birth of the Mesozoic Tethys which formed from the break-up of Pangea till its death through multiple collisions, this ocean played a major role in the world ocean circulation, being the sub-equatorial seaway which permitted a circumterrestrial circulation at low latitudes. Five successive steps, separated by four major changes, are recognized : i) during the Trias and the Jurassic, the young Tethys was a triangular cul-de-sac expanding westward through distensive tectonics and subsidence, and influenced along its southern margin by a westward current and associated upwelling; radiolarites take a growing part in its sedimentation; ii) during the Tithonian, radiolarites were abruptly replaced by pelagic limestones (Majolica) in many places and the corresponding CCD drop is tentatively correlated with the full opening of the Tethyan seaway which reached the Pacific Ocean through the Caribbean and with the corresponding reorganization of currents; iii) during the Early Cretaceous, Apulia began its collision with the precursor elements of the European margin, thus hindering deep water exchange; this pre collision favoured the mid Cretaceous anoxia with affected sedimentation in numerous basins; iv) during the Late Cretaceous, repeated distension and subsidence (since the Aptian) between Apulia and Africa gave a growing importance to the south Apulian seaway; this new opportunity of water exchange favoured the end of anoxia and the deposition of new pelagic limestones (scaglia); as a matter of fact, the location of the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene phosphorites testify to a well-established westward current along this south-Apulian seaway; v) the late Eocene to Oligocene general collision was responsable for the death of this current and the corresponding breakdown of the Tethyan seaway into independent groups of basins.     

中条山落家河铜矿流体包裹体初步研究

落家河铜矿位于中条裂谷东南部的构造-剥蚀天窗内,矿体赋存于中元古界西阳河群安山岩覆盖区下部的宋家山组沉积-火山变质岩系中.本文重点研究了不同空间位置与矿体共生的石英脉中的流体包裹体,以探讨落家河铜矿的成矿流体特征和成矿机制.系统的包裹体岩相学观察表明,落家河铜矿床流体包裹体类型按相态主要分为纯气相包裹体(Ⅰ型)、纯液相包裹体(Ⅱ型)、富气相的气液两相包裹体(Ⅲ型)、富液相的气液两相包裹体(Ⅳ型)和含子矿物多相包裹体(Ⅴ型)五种类型.矿体上部石英脉中主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型包裹体,矿体下部石英脉中主要为Ⅴ型和Ⅰ型包裹体,且两种包裹体紧密共存,体现了沸腾包裹体组合的特征.显微测温结果显示,原生的富液相气液两相包裹体(Ⅳa型)具有CaCl2-NaCl-H2O体系(Ⅳa1型)和NaCl-H2O体系(Ⅳa2型)两种流体体系,其均一温度分别为100～208℃和151 ～ 306℃,盐度为10.2％～20.4％ NaCleqv 和3.4％ ～ 15.1％ NaCleqv,分别对应矿体上部和下部石英脉,显示出热卤水和岩浆热液两种不同的流体来源.Ⅴ型包裹体的均一温度为175～300℃,盐度达30.7％～ 38.2％ NaCleqv.研究结果显示,热卤水和岩浆热液的流体作用机制有所不同,前者是古海水在花岗岩侵入体的驱动下形成对流循环并从火山岩中萃取金属元素形成的含矿热卤水.热卤水在沿断裂通道上升过程中由于降温、减压使成矿物质沉淀;后者主要是从岩浆中分离出的中温中盐度流体,它在到达断裂通道时由于压力骤降发生流体沸腾作用,并产生矿质沉淀.激光拉曼探针分析显示,流体包裹体气相成分主要是水,含有少量CO2.结合矿床形成的构造背景、热液通道、驱动机制和成矿流体特征,作者认为落家河铜矿可能是一个前寒武纪海相火山成因块状硫化物矿床.     

我国南方初夏汛期和东亚夏季风环流

主要根据低层夏季风热力学性质与流场演变特点深入讨论我国南方初夏汛期包括华南前汛期和长江中下游梅雨期同夏季风活动的联系，分析了东亚夏季风环流建立过程的阶段性和类型，指出汛期的开始与结束同夏季风前沿位置变动一致。我国夏季风从开始到发展鼎盛时期低纬大气环流的演变过程各年不完全相同，主要可归纳为４类，每类包括４个或３个不同阶段，从而可认识到东亚夏季风体系结构的非单一性，它可有４种结构模型，即仅是东南季风Ｐ的单气流型、强东南季风Ｐ与弱西南季风Ａ的双气流型、强东南季风Ｐ和弱西南季风Ｍ的双气流型、强东南季风Ｐ和强（或弱）西南季风Ｍ以及弱西南季风Ａ的３气流型。     

Steady-state frictional geostrophic circulation in a one-layer ocean model with thermodynamics

The governing equations are developed for a steady-state frictional geostrophic inhomogeneous 1.5-layer ocean model, with horizontal velocity field that is linearly sheared in the vertical coordinate. We show that in the adiabatic, thermally non-diffusive limit there are an infinite number of solutions for the temperature and depth fields of the subtropical gyre even with the constraint of identical mass within each temperature range. In the non-adiabatic case, a unique subtropical gyre solution exists that can exhibit a temperature front, containing an unbounded meridional gradient, in the northwest corner of the solution domain. The role of mixing of enthalpy in the western boundary layer (WBL) region was investigated by comparing the two extreme cases of no mixing and complete mixing of enthalpy in this region. Also investigated was the dependence of the meridional heat transport on the air–sea heat exchange coefficient, κ. The temperature field was found to be strongly influenced by mixing. However, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the heat transport is similar in the model with and without mixing. The heat transport attains a single local maximum at κ=κ_c, that lies within values that are oceanographically relevant.     

新疆夏季降水异常与100hPa南亚高压月平均环流特征的相关分析

利用1979-1995年6-8月逐月的100hPa平均高度场资料及相对应的降水资料，对新疆夏季降水异常月的南亚高压的环流特征进行了较为系统的分析，分别总结出了南疆和北疆降水偏多月及降水偏少月时南亚高压环流特征不同的8种类型。     

海岸地区TIBL廓线与局地海风环流的数值试验

对三次ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生前后的ＥＣＭＷＦ资料用滤波方法（带通,低通）进行分析,得到的结果清楚地表明,在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生前热带季节内振荡较强,而伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生,季节内振荡明显减弱,这种能量变化最明显的地区是赤道东太平洋地区;对于周期在９０天以上的热带准定常波,伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生其能量明显增加,这种增加反映最显著的区域是从大西洋往西一直到西太平洋。对中纬度（２５－３５°Ｎ）及中高纬度（４０－５０°Ｎ）地区的准定常波能量分析表明,中纬度地区的准定常波能量比低纬大,准定常波能量变化在中纬度（２５－３５°Ｎ）表现出与低纬能量变化一致的情形,即伴随着ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生,准定常波能量增加;中高纬度（４０－５０°Ｎ）只在亚洲大陆（１００－１７０°Ｅ）表现出与热带一致的能量变化。结果还显示,热带季节内振荡在低层的东传对赤道西风异常及对ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生、发展起着很重要的作用。