基于RS和GIS的中国西北不同生态类型区生态环境时空变化研究

采用定性与定量相结合的方法,在遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）支持下,利用1982-2000年的空间分辩率为8 km×8 km的NDVI数据（由NOAA-AVHRR提供）和地面气象资料,联合分析西北不同生态类型区生态环境的变化过程,得出中国西北地区NDVI的年平均值及其历年变化曲线、NDVI年平均值分布图和每隔10 a的差值变化图。由此可以看出,生态环境变化时空特点明显:20世纪80年代生态环境的变化波动不大,90年代以来波动变化明显,而且从1998年以后生态环境总体呈下降趋势;不同生态类型区植被指数年际变化的驱动因子不同,黄土高原区植被指数年际变化与降水量的相关性显著,而青藏高原高寒区与气温的相关性显著,其他分区与降水量和气温的相关性都不显著;生态环境变化的地域差异性明显,西北不同生态类型区中生态环境由好到差依次是陕南-陇南湿润半湿润区、黄土高原区、青藏高原高寒区、干旱区。四个分区1990年比1982年生态环境有所提高,但干旱区退化面积较大,2000年与1990年相比,生态环境都出现不同程度的退化,其中,陕南-陇南湿润半湿润区退化面积最大,其次是黄土高原区。整体生态环境状况不佳,而且近年的退化应该引起重视。     

南海东北部冬季表面环流的卫星红外遥感观测研究

根据 1 989～ 1 993年美国 NOAA系列卫星 (NOAA- 1 1、 1 2 )经过南海上空时所获取的数幅较完整的 AVHRR传感器映像资料 ,并结合 1 992年 3月 8日～ 2 7日在南海东北部海域现场观测所获的 CTD资料 ,揭示并讨论了发生在该海域的一些物理海洋学现象。结果表明 ,利用卫星映像和现场观测资料来分析和研究南海中的物理海洋学问题有着较好的互补性。卫星映像产生的海面温度场的分布基本上反映了现场观测的结果。通过对两者的综合分析 ,给出了一幅南海东北部冬季表面环流的形势图     

基于变分理论的AVHRR海表温度反演应用及效果评估

基于变分理论算法实现了METOP-A卫星AVHRR传感器探测数据的海洋表面温度变分反演,进行了连续1个月的海表温度反演试验,并分别从全球、分纬度带和天气系统活跃区域3个方面,将变分反演结果（VAR SST）与利用统计回归方法反演相同卫星得到的海表温度产品（GBL SST）、其他海温融合产品（OISST）及实际浮标观测数据等进行一系列评估。从全球评估指标看出,以OISST为参照,VAR SST要优于GBL SST;以浮标观测为参照,VAR SST略逊于GBL SST,而且VAR SST还改进了GBL SST随时间波动大的缺点;从分纬度带对比看出,在与OISST对比时,VAR SST在低纬度地区和北半球中纬度地区的质量要优于GBL SST,海温反演精度较高。研究还表明,由于变分方法考虑了大气状态的变化,能够更加有效订正卫星遥感过程中大气的削弱作用,从而反演出精度更高的海表温度,尤其在天气系统较为复杂的区域效果明显。     

1981-2001年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被变化

Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1981 to 2001, the digitalized China Vegetation Map （1：1,000,000）, DEM, temperature and precipitation data, and field investigation, the spatial patterns and vertical characteristics of natural vegetation changes and their influencing factors in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve have been studied. The results show that： （1） There is remarkable spatial difference of natural vegetation changes in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve and stability is the most common status. There are 5.04% of the whole area being seriously degraded, 13.19% slightly degraded, 26.39% slightly improved, 0.97% significantly improved and 54.41% keeping stable. The seriously and slightly degraded areas, which mostly lie in the south of the reserve, are along the national boundaries. The areas of improved vegetation lie in the north of the reserve and the south side of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The stable areas lie between the improved and degraded areas. Degradation decreases with elevation. （2） Degeneration in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve mostly affects shrubs, needle-leaved forests and mixed forests. （3） The temperature change affects the natural vegetation changes spatially while the integration of temperature changes, slopes and aspects affects the natural vegetation change along the altitude gradients. （4） It is the overuse of resources that leads to the vegetation degeneration in some parts of the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve.     

用气象卫星资料监测积雪

本文简要叙述了利用气象卫星资料进行积雪监测的可行性和复杂性;以改进的甚高分辨率扫描辐射仪(AVHRR)资料为例综述了遥感监测积雪的原理、方法和资料处理过程;分析了计算结果,并探讨了未来积雪监测的发展。     

Analysis of pathfinder SST algorithm for global and regional conditions

As part of the Pathfinder program developed jointly by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) a large database ofin situ sea surface temperature (SST) measurements coincident with satellite data is now available to the user community. The Pathfinder Matchup Database (PMDB) is a multi-year, multi-satellite collection of coincident measurements from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and broadly distributed buoy data (matchups). This database allows the user community to test and validate new SST algorithms to improve the present accuracy of surface temperature measurements from satellites. In this paper we investigate the performance of a global Pathfinder algorithm to specific regional conditions. It is shown that for zenith angles less than 45°, the best-expected statistical discrepancy between satellite and buoy data is about ∼ 0.5 K. In general, the bias of the residuals (satellite — buoy) is negative in most regions, except in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas, where the residuals are always positive. A seasonal signal in SST residuals is observed in all regions and is strongest in the Indian Ocean. The channel-difference term used as a proxy for atmospheric water vapor correction is observed to be unresponsive for columnar water vapor values greater than 45 mm and high zenith angles. This unresponsiveness of the channels leads to underestimation of sea surface temperature from satellites in these conditions.     

卫星热红外亮温异常与深水海域天然气水合物藏区分布——以墨西哥湾地区为例

以墨西哥湾西北部陆坡区为研究区,利用NOAA/AVHRR热红外影像,通过分析1999年Central Mexico 7.0级地震、1999年Oaxaco 7.5级地震和2003年Colima 7.6级地震3次地震期间与墨西哥湾西北部陆坡区海底天然气水合物藏区对应的海表面上方卫星热红外亮温异常的变化,研究了卫星热红外亮温异常与深水海域天然气水合物藏区分布的关系.研究发现,与墨西哥湾西北部陆坡区海底天然气水合物藏区对应的海表面上方,临震前频繁出现孤立的、带状的、强度较大的卫星热红外亮温异常,该研究结果表明,同次和多次地震临震前,该地区频繁出现孤立、带状、强度较大的卫星热红外亮温异常可能与海底蕴藏着天然气水合物藏有关.     

Comparison of some vegetation indices in seasonal information

With the development of vegetation indices, the reflection capability of vegetation indices to the state of vegetation has been improved in various degrees. Especially, the vegetation index of Terra/MODIS-EVI is believed to have the highest sensitivity to the seasonality of vegetation. This study compares the reflection susceptibility of three vegetation indices （NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI, Terra/MODIS-NDVI and Terra/MODIS-EVI） to the seasonal variations of vegetation in the mid-south of Yunnan Province of China. It has been found that Terra/MODIS-EVI does best in the elimination of external disturbance. Firstly, it obviously improves the linear relationship with vegetation cover degree, especially in the high vegetation coverage area. Secondly, it avoids the emergence of vegetation index saturation. Thirdly, it reduces the environmental influence including both effects of atmosphere and soil. So it is believed that the Terra/MODIS-EVI can offer excellent tool for quantitative research of remote sensing, and has realized to be oriented by data with high quality.     

NOAA/AVHRR sea surface temperature accuracy in the East/Japan Sea

Sea surface temperature (SST) retrieved from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar orbiting environmental satellites were validated in the East/Japan Sea (EJS) using surface drifter measurements as ground truths from 2005 to 2010. Overall, the root-mean-square (rms) errors of multichannel SSTs (MCSSTs) and non-linear SSTs (NLSSTs) using global SST coefficients were approximately 0.85°C and 0.80°C, respectively. An analysis of the SST errors (satellite – drifter) revealed a dependence on the amount of atmospheric moisture. In addition, satellite-derived SSTs tended to be related to wind speeds, particularly during the night. The SST errors also demonstrated diurnal variations with relatively higher rms from 0.80°C to 1.00°C during the night than the day, with a small rms of about 0.50°C. Bias also exhibited reasonable diurnal differences, showing small biases during the daytime. Although a satellite zenith angle has been considered in the global SST coefficients, its effect on the SST errors still remained in case of the EJS. Given the diverse use of SST data, the continuous validation and understanding of the characteristic errors of satellite SSTs should be conducted based on extensive in-situ temperature measurements in the global ocean as well as local seas.     

Estimation of Surface Temperature and Rainfall in Ghana

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 97: 76–85, 1997.

Daily Meteosat images for 1989 have been analysed for the purpose of mapping surface temperature and rainfall in Ghana. The images in the time-series are georeferenced and the maximum value composite (MVC) technique is applied to the temperature calibrated IR-channel images after a cloud screening of the images. The cloud covered areas are outlined and traced using the Meteosat visible channels. Stratiform clouds are detected using surface albedo while cumuliform clouds are detected based on a technique calculating the spatial variability within a 5 pixel by 5 pixel window around each point in the image. The cloud covered parts of the scene are then delimitated by comparing the normal albedo values and the spatial variance in albedo.

The paper then discusses how the outlined procedure can be applied in an environmental monitoring context. For each of the months June to November 1989 the mean monthly rainfall amounts at 35 meteorological stations are plotted against the mean surface temperature. It is found that apart from the month of June statistical significant linear relationships are obtained and that the scattering around the line is decreasing for increasing sampling length.