青藏高原地表反照率计算研究

根据改进的甚高分辨率扫描辐射仪（ＡＶＨＲＲ）５个观测波段的光谱特征，经多次试验，设计了一组从卫星观测的地－气系统的辐射测值中提取晴空资料的多通道门槛值判识法和提取月平均反照率的合成法；并对１９９２年ＮＯＡＡ－１２卫星获取的ＡＶＨＲＲ资料进行计算处理，分析提取晴空数据，在此基础上按卫星轨道覆盖周期合成计算得到的晴空行星反照率和地表反照率，并且计算了逐月的地表反照率。对计算结果做了初步分析和认真比较。     

青藏高原非均匀地表区域能量通量的研究

卫星遥感在研究青藏高原非均匀地表区域能量通量和蒸发（蒸散）量时有其独到的作用。本文介绍了基于NOAA-14 AVHRR和Landsat TM资料推算藏北高原地区区域地表特征参数、植被参数及区域地表热通量的方案，并把其用于GAME／Tibet（全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究）和CAMP／Tibet（“全球协调加强观测计划（CEOP）亚澳季风之青藏高原试验研究”）试验区。并指出了此方法估算青藏高原非均匀地表区域地表能量通量和蒸发（蒸散）量时存在的难点问题和解决问题的可能途径。     

Estimation of potential evapotranspiration over the Yellow River basin: reference crop evaporation or Shuttleworth–Wallace?

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a key input to hydrological models. Its estimation has often been via the Penman–Monteith (P–M) equation, most recently in the form of an estimate of reference evapotranspiration (RET) as recommended by FAO‐56. In this paper the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) model is implemented to estimate PET directly in a form that recognizes vegetation diversity and temporal change without reference to experimental measurements and without calibration. The threshold values of vegetation parameters are drawn from the literature based on the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme land cover classification. The spatial and temporal variation of the LAI of vegetation is derived from the composite NOAA‐AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using a method based on the SiB2 model, and the Climate Research Unit database is used to provide the required meteorological data. All these data inputs are publicly and globally available. Consequently, the implementation of the S–W model developed in this study is applicable at the global scale, an essential requirement if it is to be applied in data‐poor or ungauged large basins. A comparison is made between the FAO‐56 method and the S–W model when applied to the Yellow River basin for the whole of the last century. The resulting estimates of RET and PET and their association with vegetation types and leaf area index (LAI) are examined over the whole basin both annual and monthly and at six specific points. The effect of NDVI on the PET estimate is further evaluated by replacing the monthly NDVI product with the 10‐day product. Multiple regression relationships between monthly PET, RET, LAI, and climatic variables are explored for categories of vegetation types. The estimated RET is a good climatic index that adequately reflects the temporal change and spatial distribution of climate over the basin, but the PET estimated using the S–W model not only reflects the changes in climate, but also the vegetation distribution and the development of vegetation in response to climate. Although good statistical relationships can be established between PET, RET and/or climatic variables, applying these relationships likely will result in large errors because of the strong non‐linearity and scatter between the PET and the LAI of vegetation. It is concluded that use of the implementation of the S–W model described in this study results in a physically sound estimate of PET that accounts for changing land surface conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AVHRR分裂窗算法反演高山草甸地表温度精度评估

利用理塘县高山草甸地表温度实测数据,分析6种常用AVHRR分裂窗算法的精度,为青藏高原地区地表温度的卫星反演提供技术支持.结果表明：6种常用AVHRR分裂窗算法反演地表温度与实测值之间有很好的线性正相关关系,反演温度与实测温度最大偏差3.36K,最大平均绝对误差2.25k,最小平均绝对误差0.77K.给出了反演高山草甸地表温度的AVHRR分裂窗算法建议.     

SST variations of the Kuroshio from AVHRR observation

1 INTRODUCTION The Kuroshio Current (KC), being the western boundary current in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, is the second strongest current in the world af- ter the Gulf Stream and is famous as a strong and fast flow. KC plays an important role in…     

Estimation of Land Surface Temperature over the Tibetan Plateau Using AVHRR and MODIS Data

Estimation of large-scale land surface temperature from satellite images is of great importance for the study of climate change. This is especially true for the most challenging areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this paper, two split window algorithms (SWAs), one for the NOAA’s Advanced Very High Resolu-tion Radiometer (AVHRR), and the other for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), were applied to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) over the TP simultaneously. AVHRR and M...     

NOAA卫星沙尘暴光谱特征分析及信息提取研究

通过对2000—2002年多次沙尘暴过程NOAA卫星AVHRR资料的分析,研究了沙尘、云、沙漠、戈壁、积雪、裸地、植被等不同目标物的光谱特性,发现沙尘暴在AVHRR-2中各通道均有不同程度的反映。1,2通道中沙尘的反射率较高(介于云和沙漠之间);4,5通道的亮温低于晴空地表高于云;在3通道中沙尘表现的很独特,其亮度温度为所有研究目标物中最高的,表明通道3包含较多的沙尘信息,AVHRR-3取代AVHRR-2后对监测沙尘有不利影响。在此基础上提出定量提取沙尘信息的两种沙尘判识指数,并利用沙尘判识指数成功地提取多次沙尘暴过程的沙尘信息。结果表明：利用多通道组合沙尘判识指数能够对沙尘信息进行有效提取。     

Effect of NOAA satellite orbital drift on AVHRR-derived phenological metrics

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center routinely produces and distributes a remote sensing phenology (RSP) dataset derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1-km data compiled from a series of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites (NOAA-11, −14, −16, −17, −18, and −19). Each NOAA satellite experienced orbital drift during its duty period, which influenced the AVHRR reflectance measurements. To understand the effect of the orbital drift on the AVHRR-derived RSP dataset, we analyzed the impact of solar zenith angle (SZA) on the RSP metrics in the conterminous United States (CONUS). The AVHRR weekly composites were used to calculate the growing-season median SZA at the pixel level for each year from 1989 to 2014. The results showed that the SZA increased towards the end of each NOAA satellite mission with the highest increasing rate occurring during NOAA-11 (1989–1994) and NOAA-14 (1995–2000) missions. The growing-season median SZA values (44°–60°) in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1999, and 2000 were substantially higher than those in other years (28°–40°). The high SZA in those years caused negative trends in the SZA time series, that were statistically significant (at α = 0.05 level) in 76.9% of the CONUS area. A pixel-based temporal correlation analysis showed that the phenological metrics and SZA were significantly correlated (at α = 0.05 level) in 4.1–20.4% of the CONUS area. After excluding the 5 years with high SZA (>40°) from the analysis, the temporal SZA trend was largely reduced, significantly affecting less than 2% of the study area. Additionally, significant correlation between the phenological metrics and SZA was observed in less than 7% of the study area. Our study concluded that the NOAA satellite orbital drift increased SZA, and in turn, influenced the phenological metrics. Elimination of the years with high median SZA reduced the influence of orbital drift on the RSP time series.     

对NOAA／AVHRR通道反照率和植被指数的大气影响订正试验

在利用大气窗区进行遥感时,大气成分对辐射的吸收和散射作用造成辐射消弱,从而影响气象卫星（AVHRR）两个通道（可见光和近红外）反演地表反照率值及其差和比的植被指数值。在选取实测卫星资料对其作预处理并考虑仪器定标衰减作用后,利用LOWTRAN－7大气辐射传输模式对卫星资料进行大气订正的探讨,指出气溶胶、水汽等大气参数是订正计算中的敏感因子。