Response to the paper by H. Zia,B. Lecampion “Explicit versus implicit front advancing schemes for the simulation of hydraulic fracture growth” (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 2019, 43 (6), 1300–1315)

The response presents three comments, which (i) explain theoretical background for the success of the explicit front advancing scheme by Zia and Lecampion (comment 1), (ii) suggest possible extensions (comment 2), and (iii) pay attention on expected limitations of the scheme to be checked by the authors in numerical experiments (comment 3). The response does not intend to present novel results: it is entirely based on known results published in the references cited.     

北斗三号系统进展及性能预测: 试验验证数据分析

网络实时动态测量(real-time kinematic, RTK)技术可为大范围区域用户提供实时高精度的定位服务,然而目前该技术对卫星导航定位(satellite navigation and positioning,SNAP)基准站网密度要求较高。为了满足稀疏大尺度SNAP基准站网区域的高精度定位服务需求,提出了一种基于虚拟大气约束（virtual atmosphere constrait, VAC）的网络RTK服务方法,首先构建非组合双差观测值模型,快速解算并固定SNAP基准站基线模糊度;然后提取基线大气延迟,分别建立斜路径电离层和天顶对流层误差模型;最后将内插的大气延迟及其精度信息作为虚拟观测值,提升终端RTK的定位性能。采用中国西北的SNAP基准站网数据(平均站间距为205.1 km)和网内外6个流动站数据进行RTK验证,结果表明,所提方法可以满足大尺度参考网下用户的高精度定位需求,相比传统的虚拟基准站技术,VAC服务模式下的终端定位精度、初始化速度平均分别提升61.64%和9.96%,该模式下测试终端固定解水平和高程方向的平均均方根分别为1.19 cm、2.73 cm;采用多次初始化进行验证,平均88.78%的时段在2个历元内即可完成初始化;VAC服务模式对大尺度SNAP基准站网内外用户均具有较好的适应性。     

Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+//SO2-4-H2O体系固液相平衡热力学模拟

锂云母、铯榴石等矿物的硫酸盐焙烧浸出,是从中提取锂铷铯钾等碱金属元素的重要步骤,所得硫酸盐浸出液可近似看作Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺,Cs+ // SO₄2--H₂O六元水盐体系;其在浓缩过程呈现复杂的成盐特征,增加了各碱金属元素分离提取的难度,研究其相关水盐体系相图和相平衡性质对理解浸出液中碱金属的分离具有重要的理论指导意义。本文采用Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg超额Gibbs自由能方程和具有内在热力学一致性的CALPHAD方法,构建了Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺,Cs⁺//SO₄2--H₂O五元体系的多温固液相平衡热力学模型。借助该模型:1)实现了对Na₂SO₄₊Rb₂SO₄₊H₂O、Na₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O和K₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O三元体系的多温溶解度等温线的准确描述,并进一步构建了这些体系在240.15~380.15 K温度范围内的多温相图;2)实现了对K₂SO₄+Rb₂SO₄₊H₂O和Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O体系中存在的固溶体相—水溶液平衡关系的准确描述,确认了(K,Rb)₂SO₄连续固溶体、以及(Rb,Cs)₂SO₄(α)和(Rb,Cs)₂SO₄(β)间断固溶体存在的合理性;3)预测了上述五元体系中所包含的全部4个四元子体系(Na₂SO₄₊ K₂SO₄₊ Rb₂SO₄+H₂O、Na₂SO₄ + K₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊ H₂O、Na₂SO₄₊ Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄ + H₂O和K₂SO₄₊Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊ H₂O)的相图,明确了四元相图中固溶体的类型及形成区域。然而,模型预测结果与现有四元体系实验数据间存在普遍的不一致性,尤其是固溶体形成区域,但模型预测结果从非实验角度给出了重要参考,对现有实验提出了挑战,未来对这些体系开展更为精细的实验研究非常必要。     

3-D Geological Modeling–Concept, Methods and Key Techniques

3-D geological modeling plays an increasingly important role in Petroleum Geology, Mining Geology and Engineering Geology. The complexity of geological conditions requires different modeling methods in different situations. This paper summarizes the general concept of geological modeling; compares the characteristics of borehole-based modeling, cross-section based modeling and multi-source interactive modeling; analyses key techniques in 3-D geological modeling; and highlights the main difficulties and directions of future studies.     

准噶尔盆地腹部地区生烃增压定量化评价——东道海子北凹陷为例

目前准噶尔盆地腹部地区超压演化过程仅提供了相对时间、概念、定性的认识,并未达到定量化。本文以东道海子北凹陷为例,基于流体包裹体、单井一维和剖面二维烃源岩成熟生烃史模拟技术,采用生烃增压模型定量化评价了侏罗纪八道湾组顶部和底部烃源岩的生烃增压演化过程。研究结果表明侏罗纪八道湾组为东道海子北凹陷主力烃源岩,具有幕式排烃的特点。八道湾组底部烃源岩经历了3 次超压增加和两次超压释放的过程,顶部烃源岩经历了两次超压增加和一次超压释放的过程。八道湾底部烃源岩3 次超压增加的时间分别为距今170～70 Ma、55～23 Ma、10～0 Ma,对应最大压力系数均为2.0,最大剩余流体压力50 MPa,两次超压释放的时间分别为70～55 Ma、23～10 Ma;八道湾组顶部烃源岩两次超压增加的时间分别为130～40 Ma、23～0 Ma,对应流体最大压力系数最大亦可达2.0 左右,最大剩余流体压力44 MPa,超压释放的时间为40～23 Ma。     

Tsunami Inundation Modeling and Mapping using ALTM- and CARTOSAT-Derived Coastal Topographic Data

Coastal topography is the principal variable that affects the movement of the tsunami wave on land. Therefore, land surface elevation data are critical to a tsunami model for computing extent of inundation. Elevation data from India's remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT-1 are available for the entire Indian coastline, while elevation data collected using Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) are only available for selected sections of the coastline. This study was carried out to evaluate the suitability of CARTOSAT-1 and ALTM elevation data sets in the tsunami inundation modeling. Two areas of the coastal Tamil Nadu that were severely affected during the December 2004 tsunami and surveyed extensively for mapping the extent of inundation were selected as the study areas. Elevation data sets from ALTM, CARTOSAT-1 and field measurement collected using Real-time Kinematic GPS (RTK-GPS) were compared for these areas. The accuracy of ALTM and CARTOSAT-1 data, the significance of interpolation methods and data used on model outputs were studied. The analysis clearly revealed that the elevation accuracy of CARTOSAT-1 data (+/?2m) was much lower than ALTM data (+/?0.6m). However, it was found that despite the differing elevation accuracy, both ALTM and CARTOSAT-1 can be used to produce tsunami inundation maps for open coasts with an accuracy of 185 m (2 grid cells) at 75% and 50% confidence level, respectively.     

Large to intermediate-scale aquifer heterogeneity in fine-grain dominated alluvial fans (Cenozoic As Pontes Basin,northwestern Spain): insight based on three-dimensional geostatistical reconstruction

Facies reconstructions are used in hydrogeology to improve the interpretation of aquifer permeability distribution. In the absence of sufficient data to define the heterogeneity due to geological processes, uncertainties in the distribution of aquifer hydrofacies and characteristics may appear. Geometric and geostatistical methods are used to understand and model aquifer hydrofacies distribution, providing models to improve comprehension and development of aquifers. However, these models require some input statistical parameters that can be difficult to infer from the study site. A three-dimensional reconstruction of a kilometer scale fine-grain dominated Cenozoic alluvial fan derived from more than 200 continuously cored, closely spaced, and regularly distributed wells is presented. The facies distributions were reconstructed using a genetic stratigraphic subdivision and a deterministic geostatistical algorithm. The reconstruction is only slightly affected by variations in the geostatistical input parameters because of the high-density data set. Analysis of the reconstruction allowed identification in the proximal to medial alluvial fan zones of several laterally extensive sand bodies with relatively higher permeability; these sand bodies were quantified in terms of volume, mean thickness, maximum area, and maximum equivalent diameter. These quantifications provide trends and geological scenarios for input statistical parameters to model aquifer systems in similar alluvial fan depositional settings.     

水环境数学模拟的应用现状及存在问题

水环境中污染物的迁移转化过程模拟和预测是水生态环境健康诊断、预测、预警及控制管理的重要基础。水环境数学模拟已经在国内外有了非常广泛的应用,并且成为国内外学者研究的热点。本文介绍了水环境数学模型的基础研究和应用现状,并提出其发展趋势和国内水质数学模型存在的主要问题。     

胶东金矿区夏甸金矿床矿化分布规律及构造控矿分析

夏甸金矿床是胶西北地区典型的蚀变岩型金矿床,金矿化主要受招平断裂带控制。本文对夏甸金矿床进行了野外地质调查,三维地质建模和构造空间分析,以期从三维空间和勘查数据中厘清矿化分布规律、探明构造控矿作用。研究结果显示,夏甸金矿床矿化主要为蚀变岩型和硫化物脉型,主要受招平断裂带及其次级构造控制,在空间中呈现出不均一分布的特征。夏甸金矿床的矿化侧伏规律,在空间中存在差异性,其中南部为NE侧伏,中段侧伏规律不明显但分支复合特征明显,而北段呈SE侧伏。这种侧伏规律与招平断裂带主裂面在走向方向的转折密切相关。进一步的空间分析显示,夏甸金矿床不同类型的矿体是不同空间范围内构造变形差异的结果。     

Oil and gas resource assessment: The linkage between geological analysis and discovery process model results

Two widely-used techniques to estimate the volume of remaining oil and gas resources are discovery process modeling and geologic assessment. Both were used in a recent national assessment of oil and gas resources of the United States. Parallel estimates were obtained for 27 provinces. Geological-based estimates can typically see into areas not available to discovery process models (that is areas with little or no exploration history) and thus, on average, yield higher estimates. However, a linear relation does exist between the mean estimates obtained from these two methods. In addition, other variables were found in a multiple regression model that explained much of the difference. Thus, it is possible to perform discovery process modeling and adjust the estimates to yield results that might be expected from geological-based assessments.