Conversion of Pressure to Depth for Moored Instruments Using a Reference Bottom Mounted Pressure Sensor

A new method is proposed to convert pressure measured by an instrument to water depth using an additional available bottom-moored pressure sensor. A perturbation analysis is used in this analysis, which leads to a simple formula for calculating water depth (defined as one from the mean sea surface to the instrument) from the pressure data. In field experiments, this method is easier to apply than existing methods. Based on the theoretical derivation, the error associated with the method comes from two sources when the instrument depth is known at the beginning of the measurement: temporal variation of deep water density at depths deeper than the instrument and variation in the gravitational acceleration with instrument displacement. These two sources contribute up to 4% of the error relative to the vertical displacement of the instrument, assuming the pressure sensor is accurate. With the vertical displacement of the instrument being on the order of 10?m, the absolute error is on the order of 0.4?m, which is expected and acceptable in oceanic measurements. The method is applied to data from a field experiment that took place along the Myanmar coast in December 2012.     

基于走航ADCP资料的厦门内湾东西口门海域潮流与潮致余流特征分析

应用厦门内湾东西3个口门断面（五通—下店、嵩屿—鼓浪屿、鼓浪屿—轮渡）一个潮周日走航ADCP资料的空间插值潮、流调和分离结果,分析占主导的M2分潮流与余流沿断面的空间分布特征.分析结果表明受地形约束的3个断面M2分潮流均以往复流为主,断面深槽为主流通道,M2分潮最大可能流速均沿主流深槽向左右岸递减,三断面中以鼓浪屿—轮渡断面最为强劲,平均值为46 cm/s,五通—下店断面次之为43 cm/s,嵩屿—鼓浪屿断面最弱,仅为33 cm/s.该半日潮波进入厦门内湾首先在鼓浪屿—轮渡断面达到最大值,出现时间在月中天后2.1 h,其次为五通—下店断面2.7 h,最后为嵩屿—鼓浪屿断面3.3 h.再者地形变化剧烈的嵩屿—鼓浪屿断面M2分潮非线性运动较强,浅水分潮的幅度增大.潮波的非线性效应又衍生了非周期性的潮致余流,该余流在厦门内湾东西口门有较为稳定的存在,且表现为近岸区流幅大,潮流通道内小,嵩屿—鼓浪屿与鼓浪屿—轮渡断面均值为9 cm/s,五通—下店断面均值为5 cm/s,同时各个断面余流均存在使内湾海水正常更替,沿断面法向一分为二,一进一出的态势.基于本次观测结果计算出一潮周日厦门内湾东西口门余流通量为76.156×10^6m3,净潮通量为69.591×10^6m3,相对偏差小于8.6%.     

船载ADCP资料处理

通过对大量走航ADCP观测资料的分析,提出一整套的ADCP资料质量控制和预处理方法,并对提出的ADCP"基准流速控制"的处理方法与传统的"选取参考层法"进行了比较,证明此方法不但可有效提高ADCP资料的处理精度,并可提高资料的处理效率,减少人为的干预因素。     

Acoustic and optical variations during rapid downward motion episodes in the deep north-western Mediterranean Sea

An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was moored at the deep-sea site of the ANTARES neutrino telescope near Toulon, France, thus providing a unique opportunity to compare high-resolution acoustic and optical observations between 70 and 170 m above the sea bed at 2475 m. The ADCP measured downward vertical currents of magnitudes up to 0.03 m s⁻¹ in late winter and early spring 2006. In the same period, observations were made of enhanced levels of acoustic reflection, interpreted as suspended particles including zooplankton, by a factor of about 10 and of horizontal currents reaching 0.35 m s⁻¹. These observations coincided with high light levels detected by the telescope, interpreted as increased bioluminescence. During winter 2006 deep dense-water formation occurred in the Ligurian subbasin, thus providing a possible explanation for these observations. However, the 10-20 days quasi-periodic episodes of high levels of acoustic reflection, light and large vertical currents continuing into the summer are not direct evidence of this process. It is hypothesized that the main process allowing for suspended material to be moved vertically later in the year is local advection, linked with topographic boundary current instabilities along the rim of the ‘Northern Current’.     

Morphological changes on meander point bars associated with flow structure at different discharges

This study investigates the impact of flow structure of different discharges on meander point bar morphology. We carried out mobile and terrestrial laser scanning campaigns before and after a flood on two sandy‐bed point bars. Between the scans, the flow structure was examined using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler at three flow stages. The results indicated that a meander point bar both affects and in turn, is itself modified by the flow at different discharges. The lower flow stages also have a significant effect on point bar morphology, especially on deposition over the bar head. Secondary circulation is responsible for scroll bar formation on the point bar margin beyond the apex. Flow separation at the inner bank, by contrast, does not require secondary circulation, but is dependent on flow depth over the point bar. A sudden increase in depth beyond the point bar top causes decreased stream power over the bar tail. The flow separation and decreased stream power cause a slow flow zone and net deposition over point bar tail. The backwater effect, if evident, may strengthen the process. Thus, filling over the bar tail seems generic for point bars and independent on secondary flow. Chutes and chute bars, scroll bars, bar head filling and bar platform filling, by contrast, require special fluvio‐morphological circumstances discussed in this paper. Whilst this paper confirms that the three‐dimensional flow structure has a major effect on point bar morphology, the flow structure seems to depend on how the point bar affects the flow trajectory which, in turn, depends upon the flow stage. Finally, the shape of the bend and the grain size distribution control the impacts of the flow structure, leading to divergent morphologies of point bars with certain generic features. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the use of horizontal acoustic Doppler profilers for continuous bed shear stress monitoring

Continuous monitoring of bed shear stress in large river systems may serve to better estimate alluvial sediment transport to the coastal ocean.Here we explore the possibility of using a horizontally deployed acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP) to monitor bed shear stress,applying a prescribed boundary layer model,previously used for discharge estimation.The model parameters include the local roughness length and a dip correction factor to account for sidewall effects.Both these parameters depend on river stage and on the position in the cross-section, and were estimated from shipborne ADCP data.We applied the calibrated boundary layer model to obtain bed shear stress estimates over the measuring range of the HADCP.To validate the results,co-located coupled ADCPs were used to infer bed shear stress,both from Reynolds stress profiles and from mean velocity profiles. From HADCP data collected over a period of 1.5 years,a time series of width profiles of bed shear stress was obtained for a tidal reach of the Mahakam River,East Kalimantan,Indonesia.A smaller dataset covering 25 hours was used for comparison with results from the coupled ADCPs.The bed shear stress estimates derived from Reynolds stress profiles appeared to be strongly affected by local effects causing upflow and downflow,which are not included in the boundary layer model used to derive bed shear stress with the horizontal ADCP.Bed shear stresses from the coupled ADCP are representative of a much more localized flow,while those derived with the horizontal ADCP resemble the net effect of the flow over larger scales.Bed shear stresses obtained from mean velocity profiles from the coupled ADCPs show a good agreement between the two methods,and highlight the robustness of the method to uncertainty in the estimates of the roughness length.     

ADCP measurements of suspended sediment flux at the entrance to Jiaozhou Bay, western Yellow Sea

The purpose of the present contribution is to explore the technique to use Acoustic Doppler Current Pro- filers （ADCPs） for suspended sediment flux measurements, which may be applied to coastal embayment environments such as estuaries and tidal inlets for sediment exchange and budget studies. Based on tidal cycle measurements from the entrance of ]iaozhou Bay, Shandong Peninsula, eastern China, statistical rela- tionships between the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） and ADCP echo intensity output are estab- lished. Echo intensity data obtained during an ADCP survey along two cross-sections during a spring tidal phase were transformed into SSC data. The ADCP current velocity and SSC data were then used to calculate the flux of fine-grained sediment. The results show that net sediment transport at the entrance is directed towards the open sea, with an order of magnitude of 103 t per spring tidal cycle; hence, although Jiaozhou Bay is a low SSC environment, the tidally induced suspended sediment transport can be intense.     

Three‐dimensional flow structure and patterns of bed shear stress in an evolving compound meander bend

Compound meander bends with multiple lobes of maximum curvature are common in actively evolving lowland rivers. Interaction among spatial patterns of mean flow, turbulence, bed morphology, bank failures and channel migration in compound bends is poorly understood. In this paper, acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements of the three‐dimensional (3D) flow velocities in a compound bend are examined to evaluate the influence of channel curvature and hydrologic variability on the structure of flow within the bend. Flow structure at various flow stages is related to changes in bed morphology over the study timeframe. Increases in local curvature within the upstream lobe of the bend reduce outer bank velocities at morphologically significant flows, creating a region that protects the bank from high momentum flow and high bed shear stresses. The dimensionless radius of curvature in the upstream lobe is one‐third less than that of the downstream lobe, with average bank erosion rates less than half of the erosion rates for the downstream lobe. Higher bank erosion rates within the downstream lobe correspond to the shift in a core of high velocity and bed shear stresses toward the outer bank as flow moves through the two lobes. These erosion patterns provide a mechanism for continued migration of the downstream lobe in the near future. Bed material size distributions within the bend correspond to spatial patterns of bed shear stress magnitudes, indicating that bed material sorting within the bend is governed by bed shear stress. Results suggest that patterns of flow, sediment entrainment, and planform evolution in compound meander bends are more complex than in simple meander bends. Moreover, interactions among local influences on the flow, such as woody debris, local topographic steering, and locally high curvature, tend to cause compound bends to evolve toward increasing planform complexity over time rather than stable configurations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ADCP与GPS在内河流态测量中的应用问题及对策

ADCP全称为声学多普勒剖面流速仪(AcousticDopplerCurrentProfiler),是一种根据声学多普勒频移效应用矢量合成方法测量水流速度剖面的仪器,ADCP可测出水流流速矢量的东向、北向和垂向分量,为工程项目的河道数学模型和物理模型提供原始三维流态数据,为河势分析、河道冲淤计算、河道演变分析提供资料,由于天然河道水流特性及ADCP测流原理导致在测量中仍存在一些问题,如底沙运动、流速脉动、外界磁场影响等,因此探索ADCP与GPS的应用问题及对策来完成内河河道流态测量具有十分重要的意义。     

一种适合船用大功率声发射机的功率放大器

本文介绍了ＡＤＣＰ高频大功率声发射机的Ｄ类功率放大器。该放大器采用大功率ＶＭＯＳ场效应管作为功放输出级,高压供电,电路简单,调试方便。具有工作频率高,输出功率大的特点。特别适合于船用。